Amy Smith: Simple designs that could save millions of childrens' lives

42,073 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ameer kh ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:25
In terms of invention,
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ุจู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุฎุชุฑุงุน,
00:26
I'd like to tell you the tale of one of my favorite projects.
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ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ู‚ุตุฉ ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุนูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ุฉ.
00:29
I think it's one of the most exciting that I'm working on,
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ุงู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง,
00:33
but I think it's also the simplest.
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ูˆููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ุฃุจุณุทู‡ุง.
00:35
It's a project that has the potential to make a huge impact around the world.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠูุญุฏุซ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุถุฎู… ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
00:39
It addresses one of the biggest health issues on the planet,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุนุงู„ุฌ ุงุญุฏู‰ ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ู‚ุถุงูŠุง ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…,
00:43
the number one cause of death in children under five.
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ูˆุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ูˆูุงู‡ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุฏูˆู† ุณู† ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ,
00:46
Which is ...?
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ.. ุŸ ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡. ุฅุณู‡ุงู„. ู†ู‚ุต ุงู„ุบุฐูŠุฉ.
00:48
Water-borne diseases? Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
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ูƒู„ุง, ุฅู†ู‡ ุงุณุชู†ุดุงู‚ ุงู„ุฏุฎุงู† ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ู…ู† ู†ุงุฑ ู…ูˆุงู‚ุฏ (ุฃูุฑุงู†) ุงู„ุทุจุฎ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ูŠุฉ --
00:52
No.
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00:53
It's breathing the smoke from indoor cooking fires --
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00:57
acute respiratory infections caused by this.
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ู…ุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุชู„ูˆุซ ุฎุทูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ. ู‡ู„ ุชุตุฏู‚ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
01:01
Can you believe that?
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01:02
I find this shocking and somewhat appalling.
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู…ุฑ ูุธูŠุน, ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู…ูุฑุนุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง.
ุงู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุตู†ุน ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุทู‡ูŠ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุดุชุนู„ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ู†ู‚ูŠู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุŸ
01:06
Can't we make cleaner burning cooking fuels?
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01:08
Can't we make better stoves?
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ุงู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุตู†ุน ุฃูุฑุงู† ุทู‡ูŠ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
01:10
How is it that this can lead to over two million deaths every year?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฃู† ูŠุณุจุจ 2 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆูุงุฉ ูƒู„ ุณู†ุฉุŸ
01:14
I know Bill Joy was talking to you about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
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ุฃุนู„ู… ุจุฃู† "ุจูŠู„ ุฌูˆูŠ" ุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ูŠูƒู…
ุจุฎุตูˆุต ุนุฌุงุฆุจ "ู†ุงู†ูˆ ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ" ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†
ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุณุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุฏูˆุฑูŠ ุจุงู„ุชุญุฏุซ ู…ุนูƒู… ุนู†
01:19
so I'm going to talk to you about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
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ุนุฌุงุฆุจ "ู…ุงูƒุฑูˆ ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ" ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†. ุฃูŠ ุงู„ูุญู….
01:23
which is charcoal.
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01:24
(Laughter)
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01:26
So this is a picture of rural Haiti.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ุงุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู‰ ููŠ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ". ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ู‚ุทุน 98% ู…ู† ุฃุดุฌุงุฑ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ".
01:28
Haiti is now 98 percent deforested.
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01:31
You'll see scenes like this all over the island.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฑูˆุง ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏ ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฑุฉ.
01:34
It leads to all sorts of environmental problems
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุฃุตู†ุงู ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠุฉ
01:37
and problems that affect people throughout the nation.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ุชุคุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุนุจ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
01:41
A couple years ago there was severe flooding
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ู‚ุจู„ ุนุฏุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุญุฏุซ ููŠุถุงู† ุนู†ูŠู
01:44
that led to thousands of deaths --
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ุฃุฏู‰ ุจุฃุฑูˆุงุญ ุงู„ุขู„ุงู,
01:45
that's directly attributable to the fact
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฑุจุท ุงู„ุณุจุจ ู„ุญุฏูˆุซู‡ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉู‹
01:47
that there are no trees on the hills to stabilize the soil.
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ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดุฌุงุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชู„ุงู„ ู„ุชุซุจุช ุงู„ุชุฑุจุฉ.
01:50
So the rains come --
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ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ู‡ุทู„ุช ุงู„ุฃู…ุทุงุฑ, ูˆุงู…ุชู„ุฃุช ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ, ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุญุฏุซ ุงู„ููŠุถุงู†.
01:51
they go down the rivers and the flooding happens.
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01:55
Now one of the reasons why there are so few trees is this:
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ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุณุจุจ ูˆุฑุงุก ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฌุงุฑ ูู‡ูˆ:
01:58
people need to cook,
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชุทู‡ูŠ ุทุนุงู…ู‡ุง, ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ู… ูŠู‚ุทุนูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฌุงุฑ
02:00
and they harvest wood and they make charcoal in order to do it.
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ู„ูŠุญุตู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุญู… ู„ูŠุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
02:04
It's not that people are ignorant to the environmental damage.
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุบุงูู„ูˆู† ุนู† ุงู„ุถุฑุฑ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุฌู….
02:07
They know perfectly well, but they have no other choice.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุญู‚ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ, ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฎูŠุงุฑุงู‹ ุขุฎุฑ.
02:10
Fossil fuels are not available,
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ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฌุฑุงุช ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชูˆูุฑู‡,
02:12
and solar energy doesn't cook the way that they like their food prepared.
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ูˆุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุฉ ู„ุง ุชุทู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูุถู„ูˆู†ู‡ุง.
02:16
And so this is what they do.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏูุนู‡ู… ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
02:19
You'll find families like this who go out into the forest to find a tree,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏ ุนุงุฆู„ุงุช ูƒู‡ุฐู‡, ูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบุงุจุฉ ุจุญุซุงู‹ ุนู† ุดุฌุฑุฉ,
02:23
cut it down and make charcoal out of it.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจู‚ุทุนู‡ุง ู„ูŠุญุตู„ูˆุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุญู….
02:27
So not surprisingly,
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ูุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‚ุน, ุฃู† ุชูู€ุจุฐู„ ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
02:28
there's a lot of effort that's been done to look at alternative cooking fuels.
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ู„ู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุจุฏูŠู„ ุจู‡ุฏู ุงู„ุทู‡ูŠ.
02:34
About four years ago, I took a team of students down to Haiti
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ู‚ุจู„ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน ุณู†ูˆุงุช, ู‚ู…ุช ุจุงุตุทุญุงุจ ูุฑูŠู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ู‰ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ",
02:37
and we worked with Peace Corps volunteers there.
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ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุณูˆูŠุฉู‹ ู…ุน ู…ุชุทูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู† "ุฌู…ุงุนุงุช ุงู„ุณู„ุงู…" ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
02:39
This is one such volunteer
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุทูˆุนูŠู†,
02:41
and this is a device that he had built in the village where he worked.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู‚ุงู… ุจุตู†ุนู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู…ู„ ููŠู‡ุง.
02:44
And the idea was that you could take waste paper;
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ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฃุฎุฐ ูˆุฑู‚ ู…ู‡ู…ู„ุงุช
02:47
you could compress it
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ุญูŠุซ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุถุบุทู‡, ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุชุตู†ุน ู…ู†ู‡ ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ูƒูˆู‚ูˆุฏ.
02:48
and make briquettes that could be used for fuel.
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02:51
But this device was very slow.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ูƒุงู† ุจุทูŠุก ุฌุฏุงู‹.
02:53
So our engineering students went to work on it
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุงู… ุทู„ุงุจู†ุง ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูˆู† ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู„ุชุญุณูŠู†ู‡,
02:56
and with some very simple changes,
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ูˆู…ุน ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑุงุช,
02:58
they were able to triple the throughput of this device.
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ุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุฃู† ูŠุถุงุนููˆุง ุซู„ุงุซ ู…ุฑุงุช ู…ู† ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ.
03:01
So you could imagine they were very excited about it.
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ูˆุทุจุนุงู‹ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุชุตูˆุฑูˆุง ู…ุฏู‰ ุญู…ุงุณู‡ู… ุฌุฑุงุก ุฐู„ูƒ.
03:04
And they took the briquettes back to MIT so that they could test them.
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ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ ุงู„ู‰ MIT ู„ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆุง ุจูุญุตู‡ุง.
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ูƒุงู†ุช ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุญุฑู‚ู‡ุง,
03:09
And one of the things that they found was they didn't burn.
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03:13
So it was a little discouraging to the students.
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ู…ู…ุง ุฃุฏู‰ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุฎูŠุจุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุทู„ุจุฉ.
03:16
(Laughter)
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03:17
And in fact, if you look closely,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงุฐุง ู‚ู…ุชู… ุจุงู„ุชู…ุนู† ุฌูŠุฏุงู‹, ู‡ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุถุจุท,
03:20
right here you can see it says, "US Peace Corps."
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฑูˆุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ "ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ".
03:23
As it turns out, there actually wasn't any waste paper in this village.
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ูŠุชุถุญ, ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูˆุฑู‚ ู…ู‡ู…ู„ุงุช ุจุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ.
03:27
And while it was a good use of government paperwork
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ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฐุงุช ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ุญูƒูˆู…ูŠุฉ
03:30
for this volunteer to bring it back with him to his village,
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุชุทูˆุน ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุฃุฎุฐู‡ุง ู…ุนู‡ ุงู„ู‰ ู‚ุฑูŠุชู‡,
03:33
it was 800 kilometers away.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุนุฏ 800 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑ.
03:35
And so we thought perhaps there might be a better way
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏู†ุง ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃูุถู„
03:38
to come up with an alternative cooking fuel.
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ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุจุฏูŠู„.
03:41
What we wanted to do is we wanted to make a fuel
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุตู†ุน ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ
03:43
that used something that was readily available on the local level.
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ู…ุณุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ู…ุชูˆูุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠ.
03:47
You see these all over Haiti as well.
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ุฃู†ุชู… ุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ". ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุทุญู†ุฉ ุณูƒุฑ ู…ุตุบุฑุฉ.
03:49
They're small-scale sugar mills.
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03:50
And the waste product from them
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ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฒุงุฆุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ู…ู†ู‡ุง
03:52
after you extract the juice from the sugarcane
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ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุณุชุฎู„ุงุต ุงู„ุนุตูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‚ุตุจ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ุซูู„.
03:54
is called "bagasse."
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03:56
It has no other use.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ู†ู‡ ุฃูŠ ูุงุฆุฏุฉ. ูู‡ูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ููŠุฏ ู„ู„ุชุบุฐูŠุฉ,
03:57
It has no nutritional value, so they don't feed it to the animals.
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ูุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠุทุนู…ูˆู†ู‡ ู„ู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช,
04:00
It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill until eventually they burn it.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูู‚ุท ุฃูƒูˆุงู… ู…ู†ู‡ ุจุฌุงู†ุจ ู…ุทุญู†ุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ุญุชู‰ ูŠุญุฑู‚ูˆู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ.
ู†ุญู† ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฌุฏ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
04:06
What we wanted to do was we wanted to find a way
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04:08
to harness this waste resource and turn it into a fuel
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุญูˆูŠู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ู„ุงุช ุงู„ู‰ ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ
04:11
that would be something that people could easily cook with,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุจู‡ุฏู ุงู„ุทู‡ูŠ,
04:14
something like charcoal.
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ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ูุญู….
04:16
So over the next couple of years,
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ูุฃู†ู‡ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุณู†ุชูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุชูŠู†, ู‚ู…ุช ู…ุน ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุจุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง.
04:18
students and I worked to develop a process.
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04:21
So you start with the bagasse, and then you take a very simple kiln
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ุญุณุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูุงู†ูƒ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุซูู„, ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุชุฃุฎุฐ ูุฑู† ุจุณูŠุท ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
04:25
that you can make out of a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุตู†ุนู‡ ู…ู† ุจุฑู…ูŠู„ ุฒูŠุช ุจุณูŠุท ุจุณุนุฉ 55 ุบุงู„ูˆู†.
04:28
After some time, after setting it on fire,
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ุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ, ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุณุฏู‡
04:31
you seal it to restrict the oxygen that goes into the kiln,
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ู„ุชุญุจุณ ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุจุฑู…ูŠู„,
04:35
and then you end up with this carbonized material here.
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ูุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ูƒุฑุจู†ุฉ ู‡ู†ุง.
04:39
However, you can't burn this.
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ู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ, ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุญุฑู‚ู‡ุง, ูู‡ูŠ ุฑู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
04:40
It's too fine and it burns too quickly to be useful for cooking.
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ูุชุญุชุฑู‚ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ู„ู„ุทู‡ูŠ.
04:45
So we had to try to find a way to form it into useful briquettes.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุตู†ุนู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ.
04:49
And conveniently, one of my students was from Ghana,
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ุตุฏู ุฃู† ุฃุญุฏ ุทู„ุงุจูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ู† "ุบุงู†ุง", ู…ู…ุง ุณู‡ู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ,
ูู‚ุฏ ุชุฐูƒุฑ ุจุฃู† ุงู…ู‡ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุญุถุฑ ู„ู‡ ุทุจู‚ ูŠุฏุนู‰ "ูƒูˆูƒูˆู†ุชูŠ",
04:53
and he remembered a dish his mom used to make for him called "kokonte,"
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04:56
which is a very sticky porridge made out of the cassava root.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุญุณุงุก ุดุนูŠุฑ ู„ุฒุฌ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูŠุตู†ุน ู…ู† ุฌุฐูˆุฑ ู†ุจุงุช "ุงู„ูƒุงุณุงูุง".
04:59
And so what we did was we looked,
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ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุจุญุซู†ุง, ูˆูˆุฌุฏู†ุง
05:01
and we found that cassava is indeed grown in Haiti,
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ุจุฃู† ู†ุจุงุช "ุงู„ูƒุงุณุงูุง" ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ููŠ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ", ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูŠุณู…ู‰ "ู…ุงู†ูŠูˆูƒ".
05:04
under the name of "manioc."
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05:06
In fact, it's grown all over the world --
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู†ู‡ ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… --
05:08
yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava, it's all the same thing --
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"ูŠูˆูƒุง", "ุชุงุจูˆูŠูƒุง", "ู…ุงู†ูŠูˆูƒ", "ูƒุงุณุงูุง", ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุณูˆุงุก --
05:11
a very starchy root vegetable.
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ูู‡ูˆ ุฎุถุงุฑ ุฌุฐูˆุฑูŠ ู†ุดูˆูŠ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
05:14
And you can make a very thick, sticky porridge out of it,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุนู…ู„ ุซุฑูŠุฏ ุณู…ูŠูƒ ูˆู„ุฒุฌ ู…ู†ู‡ุง,
05:17
which you can use to bind together the charcoal briquettes.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ ู„ู„ุตู‚ ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ ุงู„ูุญู… ุจุจุนุถู‡ุง.
05:21
So we did this. We went down to Haiti.
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ุงุฐุงู‹, ูู‚ุฏ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฐู„ูƒ. ู†ุฒู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ".
05:24
These are the graduates of the first Ecole de Charbon,
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุชุฎุฑุฌูŠู† ู…ู† ุฃูˆู„ "ุงูŠูƒูˆู„ ุฏูŠ ุดุงุจูˆ",
05:27
or Charcoal Institute.
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ุฃูˆ ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุงู„ูุญู…. ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ --
05:29
And these --
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(ุถุญูƒ)
05:30
(Laughter)
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05:31
That's right. So I'm actually an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
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-- ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญ. ูุฃู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุฑุดุฏุฉ ููŠ MIT ูƒู…ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ููŠ CIT.
ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุตู†ุนู‡ุง.
05:37
And these are the briquettes that we made.
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุขุฐู‡ุจ ุจูƒู… ุงู„ู‰ ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰. ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ,
05:41
Now I'm going to take you to a different continent.
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05:44
This is India
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05:45
and this is the most commonly used cooking fuel in India.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุดุงุฆุน ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ: ุงู†ู‡ ุฑูˆุซ ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑ.
05:48
It's cow dung.
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05:50
And more than in Haiti, this produces really smoky fires,
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ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ููŠ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ", ูุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ู‡ู†ุง ุชู†ุชุฌ ุฏุฎุงู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ,
05:54
and this is where you see the health impacts
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ
05:56
of cooking with cow dung and biomass as a fuel.
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ุงู„ู†ุงุฌู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทู‡ูŠ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุฑูˆุซ ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑ.
06:01
Kids and women are especially affected by it,
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ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูˆุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุถุฑุฑูŠู†,
06:03
because they're the ones who are around the cooking fires.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู‡ู… ุบุงู„ุจุงู‹ ูŠุฌู„ุณูˆู† ุญูˆู„ ู†ูŠุฑุงู† ุงู„ุทู‡ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ.
ู„ุฐุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ูุญุต ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุชู‚ุฏูŠู…
06:07
So we wanted to see
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06:08
if we could introduce this charcoal-making technology there.
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ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุตู†ุน ุงู„ูุญู… ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
06:11
Well, unfortunately, they didn't have sugarcane
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ู„ุณูˆุก ุงู„ุญุธ, ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู‚ุตุจ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ
06:14
and they didn't have cassava,
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู†ุจุชุฉ "ุงู„ูƒุงุณุงูุง", ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ุณุชุณู„ู….
06:15
but that didn't stop us.
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06:17
What we did was we found what were the locally available sources of biomass.
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุฉ.
06:21
And there was wheat straw and there was rice straw in this area.
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุด ุงู„ู‚ู…ุญ, ูˆู‚ุด ุงู„ุฑุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ.
06:24
And what we could use as a binder was actually small amounts of cow manure,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู†ุงู‡ ูƒู„ุงุตู‚
ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุฑูˆุซ ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑ,
06:28
which they used ordinarily for their fuel.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู†ู‡ ุนุงุฏุฉู‹ ูƒูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุนุงุฏูŠ.
06:31
And we did side-by-side tests,
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุนู…ู„ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุฌู†ุจุงู‹ ุงู„ู‰ ุฌู†ุจ, ูˆู‡ู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุฉ
06:34
and here you can see the charcoal briquettes
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ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ ุงู„ูุญู…, ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุฑูˆุซ ุงู„ุจู‚ุฑ.
06:36
and here the cow dung.
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06:38
And you can see that it's a lot cleaner burning of a cooking fuel.
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ูƒู…ุง ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุทู‡ูŠ ูŠุญุชุฑู‚ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ู†ุธูŠูุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ.
06:41
And in fact, it heats the water a lot more quickly.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน, ูู‡ูˆ ูŠุณุฎู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃุณุฑุน.
06:43
And so we were very happy, thus far.
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุจุจ ูƒู†ุง ุณุนุฏุงุก ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุงู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ุงู„ุขู†.
06:46
But one of the things that we found
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุงู‡ุง
06:47
was when we did side-by-side comparisons with wood charcoal,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ู…ุน ูุญู… ุงู„ุฎุดุจ,
06:50
it didn't burn as long.
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ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุญุชุฑู‚ ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ. ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ ุชุชูุชุช ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹,
06:52
And the briquettes crumbled a little bit
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06:54
and we lost energy as they fell apart as they were cooking.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู†ุฎุณุฑ ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู†ูุตู„ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทู‡ูŠ.
06:57
So we wanted to try to find a way to make a stronger briquette
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฌุฏ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰
07:00
so that we could compete with wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุฃู† ู†ู†ุงูุณ ูุญู… ุงู„ุญุทุจ ููŠ ุฃุณูˆุงู‚ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ".
07:05
So we went back to MIT,
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ุฑุฌุนู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ MIT, ูˆู„ุฌุฆู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุขู„ุฉ "ุงู†ุณุชุฑูˆู†",
07:07
we took out the Instron machine
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07:09
and we figured out what sort of forces you needed
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ูˆุนุฑูู†ุง ุฃูŠ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชูˆู„ุฏ
07:12
in order to compress a briquette to the level
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ู„ุชุถุบุท ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ
07:14
that you actually are getting improved performance out of it?
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ุชู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุณุชุฎู„ุต ูƒูุงุกุฉ ู…ุนุฏู„ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
07:17
And at the same time that we had students in the lab looking at this,
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ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุทู„ุงุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนู…ู„ ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฐู„ูƒ,
07:21
we also had community partners in Haiti working to develop the process,
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ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุดุฑูƒุงุก ููŠ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ" ูŠุทูˆุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ,
ู„ุชุญุณูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ุชูˆูุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ.
07:28
to improve it and make it more accessible to people in the villages there.
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ,
07:34
And after some time,
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07:35
we developed a low-cost press that allows you to produce charcoal,
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ุทูˆุฑู†ุง ู…ูƒุจุณ ุจุณุนุฑ ุฒู‡ูŠุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ูุญู…,
07:40
which actually now burns not only --
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠุญุชุฑู‚ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุฃุทูˆู„, ูˆุฃู†ุธู ู…ู† ูุญู… ุงู„ุญุทุจ.
07:43
actually, it burns longer, cleaner than wood charcoal.
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07:47
So now we're in a situation where we have a product,
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ู„ุฐุง ูู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ู†ุชูˆุฌ, ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃุญุณู†
07:49
which is actually better than what you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุดุฑุงุฆู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠ ููŠ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ",
07:54
which is a very wonderful place to be.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ู…ูƒุงู† ุฑุงุฆุน ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ุจู‡.
07:58
In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees are cut down every year.
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ููŠ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ" ูˆุญุฏู‡ุง, ูŠู‚ุทุน ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 30 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุดุฌุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ู‡.
08:03
There's a possibility of this being implemented
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ ุจุชุทุจูŠู‚ ู…ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจู‡
08:06
and saving a good portion of those.
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ู„ุงู†ู‚ุงุฐ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดุฌุงุฑ.
08:08
In addition, the revenue generated from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
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ุจุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ, ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุงุญ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุญู… ุชุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ 260 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ.
ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุจู„ุบ ุถุฎู… ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ู…ุซู„ "ู‡ุงูŠูŠุชูŠ" --
08:15
That's an awful lot for a country like Haiti --
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08:17
with a population of eight million
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ู…ุน ุนุฏุฏ ุณูƒุงู† ูŠุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ 8 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู†
08:19
and an average income of less than 400 dollars.
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ูˆู…ุนุฏู„ ุฏุฎู„ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 400 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ.
08:23
So this is where we're also moving ahead with our charcoal project.
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ุฐุง ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ุตู„ ุงู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุงู„ูุญู… ู‡ุฐุง.
08:27
And one of the things that I think is also interesting,
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ูˆุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุดูˆู‚ุฉ ุญุณุจ ุฑุฃูŠูŠ,
08:30
is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley who's been doing risk analysis.
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ู‡ูŠ ุจุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠ ุตุฏูŠู‚ ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ "ุจูŠุฑูƒู„ูŠ" ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุญู„ูŠู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ.
08:34
And he's looked at the problem of the health impacts
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ูˆู‚ุงู… ุจูุญุต ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ
08:37
of burning wood versus charcoal.
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ุงู„ู†ุงุฌู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุญุฑู‚ ุงู„ุญุทุจ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจุญุฑู‚ ุงู„ูุญู….
08:39
And he's found that worldwide, you could prevent a million deaths
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูˆุฌุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…,
ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชู…ู†ุน ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆูุงุฉ ุจุงุณุชุจุฏุงู„ ุงู„ุญุทุจ ุจุงู„ูุญู…
08:43
switching from wood to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
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08:46
That's remarkable,
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ูƒูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ู„ู„ุทู‡ูŠ. ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ุฌุฏูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู….
08:48
but up until now, there weren't ways to do it without cutting down trees.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญูŠู†, ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุนู…ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฏูˆู† ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุฃุดุฌุงุฑ.
08:51
But now we have a way
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
08:52
that's using an agricultural waste material to create a cooking fuel.
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ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุจู‚ุงูŠุง ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุฒุฑุงุนูŠุฉ ู„ุตู†ุน ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ู„ู„ุทู‡ูŠ.
08:56
One of the really exciting things, though,
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ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ, ู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ,
08:59
is something that came out of the trip that I took to Ghana just last month.
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ู‡ูŠ ุดูŠุก ู†ุชุฌ ู…ู† ุฑุญู„ุฉ ู‚ู…ุช ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ "ุบุงู†ุง" ููŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ.
09:02
And I think it's the coolest thing,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃุทุฑู ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก,
ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุฃุจุณุท ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุดุงู‡ุฏุชู…ูˆู‡ุง ู…ู†ุฐ ู„ุญุธุงุช,
09:06
and it's even lower tech than what you just saw,
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09:08
if you can imagine such a thing.
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ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ูƒู… ุงู† ุชุชุตูˆุฑุง ุดูŠุก ูƒู‡ุฐุง. ู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ.
09:10
Here it is.
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09:11
So what is this?
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ุงุฐู† ูู…ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ุŸ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃูƒูˆุงุฒ ุฐุฑุฉ ุชุญูˆู„ุช ุงู„ู‰ ูุญู….
09:13
This is corncobs turned into charcoal.
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09:16
And the beauty of this is that you don't need to form briquettes --
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ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุตู†ุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ.
09:19
it comes ready made.
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ูู‡ูŠ ุชุฃุชูŠ ุฌุงู‡ุฒุฉ. ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฌู‡ุงุฒูŠ ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„ ุจู‚ูŠู…ุฉ 100 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ.
09:20
This is my $100 laptop, right here.
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09:23
And actually, like Nick, I brought samples.
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน, ู…ุซู„ "ู†ูƒ", ู‚ู…ุช ุจุงุญุถุงุฑ ุนูŠู†ุงุช.
09:26
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
09:28
So we can pass these around.
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ู„ุฐุง ููŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู† ู†ู…ุฑุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจูŠู†ูƒู….
09:32
They're fully functional, field-tested, ready to roll out.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ูุนุงู„ุฉ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชุงู…ุฉ, ุชู… ูุญุตู‡ุง ูุนู„ูŠุงู‹, ุฌุงู‡ุฒุฉ ู„ู„ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ.
09:36
(Laughter)
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09:40
And I think one of the things
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ูˆุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุงู†ู‡ ุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฌุฏุฑ ุฐูƒุฑู‡ุง, ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ
09:42
which is also remarkable about this technology,
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ู‡ูˆ ุจุฃู† ุงุชู‚ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุณู‡ู„ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
09:46
is that the technology transfer is so easy.
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09:49
Compared to the sugarcane charcoal,
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ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ู…ุน ูุญู… ู‚ุตุจ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ,
09:51
where we have to teach people how to form it into briquettes
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ุญูŠุซ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุตู†ุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ
09:54
and you have the extra step of cooking the binder,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงูŠุถุงู‘ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงุถุงููŠุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุทู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู„ุงุตู‚ุฉ,
09:56
this comes pre-briquetted.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุชูˆูุฑ ูƒู‚ูˆุงู„ุจ ุฌุงู‡ุฒุฉ.
09:58
And this is about the most exciting thing in my life right now,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุขู†,
10:01
which is perhaps a sad commentary on my life.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ ุญุฒูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุญูŠุงุชูŠ.
10:04
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
10:06
But once you see it, like you guys in the front row --
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญุงู„ู…ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡, ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฑูุงู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุตู ุงู„ุฃูˆู„, ุญุณู†ุงู‹,
10:09
All right, yeah, OK.
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ู†ุนู… ุตุญูŠุญ. ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠุฉ ุญุงู„ --
10:10
So anyway --
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10:11
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
10:13
Here it is.
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ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฐุง. ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ุซุงู„
10:14
And this is, I think, a perfect example
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10:17
of what Robert Wright was talking about in those non-zero-sum things.
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ู„ู…ุง ู‚ุงู… "ุฑูˆุจุฑุช ุฑุงูŠุช" ุจุงู„ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชุณุงูˆูŠ ุตูุฑ.
10:22
So not only do you have health benefits,
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ูุงู„ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ,
10:25
you have environmental benefits.
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ูˆุงู†ู…ุง ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠุฉ.
10:27
But this is one of the incredibly rare situations
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุนุฌูŠุจุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุฏุฑุฉ
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ.
10:31
where you also have economic benefits.
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10:33
People can make their own cooking fuel from waste products.
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ุจุงู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู† ุชุตู†ุน ูˆู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุทู‡ูŠ ุจู†ูุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู†ุงุชุฌ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ู„ุงุช.
10:36
They can generate income from this.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฎู„ ู…ุงู„ูŠ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง.
10:38
They can save the money that they were going to spend on charcoal
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุณูŠู†ูู‚ูˆู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุญู…,
10:41
and they can produce excess and sell it in the market
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ูุงุฆุถ ูˆุจูŠุนู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚
10:44
to people who aren't making their own.
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ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠุตู†ุนูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู†ูุณู‡ู….
10:46
It's really rare that you don't have trade-offs
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ุงู†ู‡ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุฏุฑ ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุชู†ุงู‚ุถ
10:48
between health and economics, or environment and economics.
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุตุญุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ, ุงูˆ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ.
10:51
So this is a project that I just find extremely exciting
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุจุจ ูˆุฌุฏุช ุจุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ู…ุดูˆู‚ ุฌุฏุงู‹,
10:55
and I'm really looking forward to see where it takes us.
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ูˆุงู†ุง ุงุชุดูˆู‚ ู„ุฃุนุฑู ุงู„ู‰ ุงูŠู† ุณูŠุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ.
ู„ุฐุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุงู„ุขู† ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณู†ุตู†ุนู‡,
11:03
So when we talk about, now, the future we will create,
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11:06
one of the things that I think is necessary
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ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ููŠ ุฑุฃูŠูŠ
11:08
is to have a very clear vision of the world that we live in.
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ู‡ูˆ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ูˆุงุถุญู‡ ูˆู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนูŠุดู‡ ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹.
11:13
And now, I don't actually mean the world that we live in.
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุญุฑููŠุงู‹ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนูŠุดู‡ ู†ุญู†.
11:16
I mean the world where women spend two to three hours everyday
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ุฃู†ุง ุงู‚ุตุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุนูŠุด ุจู‡ ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ุงู„ู„ูˆุงุชูŠ ุชู‚ุถูŠู† ุณุงุนุชูŠู† ุญุชู‰ ุซู„ุงุซ ุณุงุนุงุช ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู…
11:21
grinding grain for their families to eat.
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ูŠุทุญู† ุงู„ุจุฐูˆุฑ ู„ุนุงุฆู„ุงุชู‡ู… ุญุชู‰ ูŠุฃูƒู„ูˆุง.
11:24
I mean the world where advanced building materials
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ุฃู†ุง ุงู‚ุตุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠู‡ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุจู†ุงุก ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ
11:27
means cement roofing tiles that are made by hand,
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ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู‚ุฑู…ูŠุฏุฉ ุงุณู…ู†ุช ู„ู„ุชุณู‚ูŠู ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู†ุน ูŠุฏูˆูŠุง,
11:30
and where, when you work 10 hours a day,
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ูˆุงูŠุถุงู‹ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ู„ุนุดุฑ ุณุงุนุงุช ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงู‹,
11:32
you're still only earning 60 dollars in a month.
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ูุฃู†ุช ู…ุง ุฒู„ุช ุชุฑุจุญ ูู‚ุท 60 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุดู‡ุฑูŠุงู‹.
11:37
I mean the world
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ูˆุงู„ุงุทูุงู„ ูŠู‚ุถูˆู† 40 ุจู„ูŠูˆู† ุณุงุนุฉ ุณู†ูˆูŠุงู‹ ู„ุฌู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡.
11:38
where women and children spend 40 billion hours a year fetching water.
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11:45
That's as if the entire workforce of the state of California
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุถุงู‡ูŠ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุนุงู…ู„ุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ููŠ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ "ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุง"
11:49
worked full time for a year doing nothing but fetching water.
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ุชู‚ุถูŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ุญูŠุซ ูƒู„ ุนู…ู„ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฌู„ุจ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡.
11:53
It's a place where, for example, if this were India,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ูƒุงู† ุญูŠุซ, ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„, ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ,
11:58
in this room, only three of us would have a car.
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ูู‚ุท 3 ุงุดุฎุงุต ู…ู† ุจูŠู†ู†ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู† ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ.
12:01
If this were Afghanistan,
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ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุฃูุบุงู†ุณุชุงู†,
12:02
only one person in this room would know how the use the Internet.
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ูู‚ุท ุดุฎุต ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ูŠุนุฑู ูƒูŠู ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุฃู†ุชุฑู†ุช.
12:06
If this were Zambia --
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ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ "ุฒุงู…ุจูŠุง", 300 ุดุฎุต ู…ู†ูƒู… ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู†,
12:08
300 of you would be farmers,
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12:11
100 of you would have AIDS or HIV.
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100 ุดุฎุต ู…ู†ูƒู… ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุตุงุจ ุจุงู„ุงูŠุฏุฒ ุงูˆ HIV.
12:14
And more than half of you would be living on less than a dollar a day.
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ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู†ุตู ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู‡ู†ุง ูƒุงู† ุณูŠุนูŠุด ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุถุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ุญู„ู‡ุง.
12:19
These are the issues that we need to come up with solutions for.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุถุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ู…ุฑู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู†,
12:24
These are the issues that we need to be training our engineers,
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12:27
our designers, our business people, our entrepreneurs to be facing.
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ุงู„ู…ุตู…ู…ูŠู†, ุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„, ูˆุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู„ูŠู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู„ูŠุชุนุงู…ู„ูˆุง ู…ุนู‡ุง.
12:32
These are the solutions that we need to find.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงูŠุฌุงุฏู‡ุง.
12:35
I have a few areas that I believe are especially important that we address.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง.
ูˆุงุญุฏู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆ-ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆ-ู…ุดุฑูˆุน,
12:41
One of them is creating technologies
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12:43
to promote micro-finance and micro-enterprise,
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12:46
so that people who are living below the poverty line
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ุญูŠุซ ุชู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ุฏูˆู† ุฎุท ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุฏูˆุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ูŠุชุญุฑูƒูˆุง --
12:49
can find a way to move out --
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12:50
and that they're not doing it
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ูˆุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ
12:52
using the same traditional basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
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ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ุงุนุชูŠุงุฏูŠุฉ ุจุชุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฌุงุฌ ูˆุตู†ุน ุงู„ุณู„ุงู„, ุงู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑู‡.
12:55
But there are new technologies and new products
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ูˆู…ู†ุชูˆุฌุงุช ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ
12:58
that they can make on a small scale.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุตู†ุนู‡ุง ุจู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู…ุตุบุฑ.
13:00
The next thing I believe
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุคู…ู† ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุตู†ุน ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ู„ู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู† ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุก
13:02
is that we need to create technologies for poor farmers
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13:06
to add value to their own crops.
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ู„ุงุถุงูุฉ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ู„ู…ุญุงุตูŠู„ู‡ู….
13:09
And we need to rethink our development strategies,
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุงุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ,
13:12
so that we're not promoting educational campaigns
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ู„ุฐุง ูู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุฏูุน ุจุญู…ู„ุงุช ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ
13:15
to get them to stop being farmers,
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ู„ู†ุฌุนู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ุชูˆู‚ู ุนู† ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ,
13:17
but rather to stop being poor farmers.
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ูˆุงู†ู…ุง ู„ู†ุฌุนู„ู‡ู… ูŠุชูˆู‚ููˆุง ุนู† ูƒูˆู†ู‡ู… ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู† ูู‚ุฑุงุก.
13:20
And we need to think about how we can do that effectively.
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ูˆุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู† ู†ููƒุฑ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูƒูุงุกู‡.
13:24
We need to work with the people in these communities
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช,
13:27
and give them the resources and the tools that they need
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ูˆุฃู† ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญุชุงุฌูˆู†ู‡ุง
13:30
to solve their own problems.
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ู„ูŠุญู„ูˆุง ู…ุดุงูƒู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ. ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฃูุถู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
13:31
That's the best way to do it.
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13:33
We shouldn't be doing it from outside.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ.
13:35
So we need to create this future, and we need to start doing it now.
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ู„ุฐุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุตู†ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„, ูˆุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู†.
13:40
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู….
13:41
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
13:46
Chris Anderson: Thank you, incredible.
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13:49
Stay here.
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13:51
Tell us -- just while we see if someone has a question --
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ูƒุฑูŠุณ ุงู†ุฏุฑุณูˆู†: ุฃุฎุจุฑูŠู†ุง -- ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุฃุญุฏู‡ู… ุณุคุงู„ ู…ุง --
13:54
just tell us about one of the other things that you've worked on.
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ูู‚ุท ุงุฎุจุฑูŠู†ุง ุนู† ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ู…ุชูŠ ุจู‡ุง.
13:57
Amy Smith: Some of the other things we're working on
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ุงูŠู…ูŠ ุณู…ูŠุซ: ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุทุฑู‚ ุฒู‡ูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡,
14:00
are ways to do low-cost water quality testing,
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14:02
so that communities can maintain their own water systems,
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ุญูŠุซ ุชู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ู…ู† ุตูŠุงู†ุฉ ุงู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง,
14:05
know when they're working, know when they treat them, etc.
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ู„ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆุง ู…ุชู‰ ุชุนู…ู„, ูˆู…ุชู‰ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุตูŠุงู†ุชู‡ุง, ุงู„ู‰ ุงุฎุฑู‡.
14:07
We're also looking at low-cost water-treatment systems.
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ู†ุญู† ุงูŠุถุง ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุฒู‡ูŠุฏุฉ ู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡.
14:10
One of the really exciting things is looking at solar water disinfection
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ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุชุทู‡ูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุจุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุฉ,
14:14
and improving the ability to be able to do that.
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ูˆุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
14:17
CA: What's the bottleneck preventing this stuff getting from scale?
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ูƒุฑูŠุณ ุงู†ุฏุฑุณูˆู†: ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุจุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ูˆุงู„ุชูˆุณุนุŸ
14:21
Do you need to find entrepreneurs, or venture capitalists,
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ู‡ู„ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ู…ู‚ุงูˆู„ูŠู†, ุงูˆ ู…ุณุชุซู…ุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ู…ุญุจูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑุฉ,
14:24
or what do you need to take what you've got and get it to scale?
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ุฃูˆ ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูุนู„ู‡
14:29
AS: I think it's large numbers of people moving it forward.
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ุงูŠู…ูŠ ุณู…ูŠุซ: ู†ุนู…, ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุงู†ู‡ ุนุฏุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุต ู…ู† ูŠุฏูุนูˆุง ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏู…ุงู‹.
14:32
It's a difficult thing --
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ุงู†ู‡ ุดูŠุก ุตุนุจ: ุงู†ู‡ ุณูˆู‚ ุชุฌุงุฑูŠ ู…ู‚ุณู… ุฌุฏุงู‹
14:33
it's a marketplace which is very fragmented
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14:35
and a consumer population with no income.
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ูˆู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒูŠู† ู„ุง ุฏุฎู„ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู….
14:37
So you can't use the same models that you use in the United States
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ู„ุฐุง ูู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ
14:41
for making things move forward.
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ู„ุชุฏูุน ุจุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู…ุงู….
14:42
And we're a pretty small staff,
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ูู†ุญู† ูุฑูŠู‚ ู…ุตุบุฑ, ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃู†ุง.
14:44
which is me.
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14:45
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
14:47
So, you know, I do what I can with the students.
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ู„ุฐุง ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†, ูุฃู†ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุฃูุถู„ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ุน ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ.
14:50
We have 30 students a year go out into the field
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง 30 ุทุงู„ุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ู„ู„ุญู‚ูˆู„
14:52
and try to implement this and move it forward.
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ูˆูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุฏูุนู‡ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู….
14:54
The other thing is you have to do things with a long time frame,
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ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูุงู†ู‡ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ุฒู…ู†ูŠุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ,
14:58
as, you know, you can't expect to get something done in a year or two years;
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ููƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†, ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุฎู„ุงู„ ุณู†ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุณู†ุชูŠู†.
15:02
you have to be looking five or 10 years ahead.
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ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู† ุชููƒุฑ ู‚ุฏู…ุง ุฎู…ุณ ุฃูˆ ุนุดุฑ ุณู†ูˆุงุช.
15:04
But I think with the vision to do that, we can move forward.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุงู†ู‡ ู…ุน ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุฐู„ูƒ, ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู….
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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