Amy Smith: Simple designs that could save millions of childrens' lives

40,920 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ron Bentata
00:25
In terms of invention,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืžืฆืื”,
00:26
I'd like to tell you the tale of one of my favorite projects.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™.
00:29
I think it's one of the most exciting that I'm working on,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
00:33
but I think it's also the simplest.
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ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:35
It's a project that has the potential to make a huge impact around the world.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:39
It addresses one of the biggest health issues on the planet,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:43
the number one cause of death in children under five.
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ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžืฉ,
00:46
Which is ...?
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ืฉื”ื•ื ... ? ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื™ืฉืื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื. ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ. ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”.
00:48
Water-borne diseases? Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
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ืœื, ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขืฉืŸ ืžืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื-ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช -
00:52
No.
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00:53
It's breathing the smoke from indoor cooking fires --
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00:57
acute respiratory infections caused by this.
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ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืžื›ืš. ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ?
01:01
Can you believe that?
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01:02
I find this shocking and somewhat appalling.
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืžื—ืจื™ื“.
ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืงื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ?
01:06
Can't we make cleaner burning cooking fuels?
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01:08
Can't we make better stoves?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ?
01:10
How is it that this can lead to over two million deaths every year?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ?
01:14
I know Bill Joy was talking to you about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื’'ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื
ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ.
ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ
01:19
so I'm going to talk to you about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
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ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ืžืืงืจื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืคื—ื.
01:23
which is charcoal.
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01:24
(Laughter)
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01:26
So this is a picture of rural Haiti.
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช. 98% ืžื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืจืื™ื.
01:28
Haiti is now 98 percent deforested.
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01:31
You'll see scenes like this all over the island.
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ืชืจืื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™.
01:34
It leads to all sorts of environmental problems
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช
01:37
and problems that affect people throughout the nation.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
01:41
A couple years ago there was severe flooding
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืคื” ืงืฉื”
01:44
that led to thousands of deaths --
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ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืืœืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช,
01:45
that's directly attributable to the fact
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ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
01:47
that there are no trees on the hills to stabilize the soil.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข.
01:50
So the rains come --
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ืื– ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืื– ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ืฆืคื”.
01:51
they go down the rivers and the flooding happens.
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01:55
Now one of the reasons why there are so few trees is this:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื:
01:58
people need to cook,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฉืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืจืชื™ื ืขืฆื™ื
02:00
and they harvest wood and they make charcoal in order to do it.
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืคื—ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:04
It's not that people are ignorant to the environmental damage.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื ื–ืง ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.
02:07
They know perfectly well, but they have no other choice.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.
02:10
Fossil fuels are not available,
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ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื,
02:12
and solar energy doesn't cook the way that they like their food prepared.
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ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืœื ืžื‘ืฉืœืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ.
02:16
And so this is what they do.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
02:19
You'll find families like this who go out into the forest to find a tree,
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื™ืขืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืฅ,
02:23
cut it down and make charcoal out of it.
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ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืคื—ื.
02:27
So not surprisingly,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:28
there's a lot of effort that's been done to look at alternative cooking fuels.
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ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ืœืงื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
02:34
About four years ago, I took a team of students down to Haiti
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ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
02:37
and we worked with Peace Corps volunteers there.
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ื•ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื.
02:39
This is one such volunteer
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ื”ื ื” ืžืชื ื“ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”,
02:41
and this is a device that he had built in the village where he worked.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขื‘ื“.
02:44
And the idea was that you could take waste paper;
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื ื™ื™ืจ,
02:47
you could compress it
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ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช-ืคื—ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ืœืง.
02:48
and make briquettes that could be used for fuel.
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02:51
But this device was very slow.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžืื•ื“.
02:53
So our engineering students went to work on it
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ืื– ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
02:56
and with some very simple changes,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
02:58
they were able to triple the throughput of this device.
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ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœืฉืœืฉ ืืช ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืžืชืงืŸ.
03:01
So you could imagine they were very excited about it.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื• ืžื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:04
And they took the briquettes back to MIT so that they could test them.
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ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœ-MIT ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืขืจื•ืช.
03:09
And one of the things that they found was they didn't burn.
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03:13
So it was a little discouraging to the students.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื›ื–ื‘ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
03:16
(Laughter)
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03:17
And in fact, if you look closely,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ,
03:20
right here you can see it says, "US Peace Corps."
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘, "ืืจื”"ื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื".
03:23
As it turns out, there actually wasn't any waste paper in this village.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ, ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืกื•ืœืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ.
03:27
And while it was a good use of government paperwork
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช
03:30
for this volunteer to bring it back with him to his village,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืื™ืชื• ืœื›ืคืจ,
03:33
it was 800 kilometers away.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื›800 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:35
And so we thought perhaps there might be a better way
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:38
to come up with an alternative cooking fuel.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™.
03:41
What we wanted to do is we wanted to make a fuel
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ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืœืง
03:43
that used something that was readily available on the local level.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
03:47
You see these all over Haiti as well.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ืืช ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™. ืืœื• ื”ื ื˜ื—ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:49
They're small-scale sugar mills.
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03:50
And the waste product from them
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ื•ืืช ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื”ื
03:52
after you extract the juice from the sugarcane
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฅ ืžืงื ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ, ื”ื ืงืจื ื’ืคืช.
03:54
is called "bagasse."
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03:56
It has no other use.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืขืจืš ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™,
03:57
It has no nutritional value, so they don't feed it to the animals.
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ืื– ืœื ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื–ื” ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:00
It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill until eventually they burn it.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ื˜ื—ื ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš
04:06
What we wanted to do was we wanted to find a way
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04:08
to harness this waste resource and turn it into a fuel
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ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื“ืœืง
04:11
that would be something that people could easily cook with,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ืชื•,
04:14
something like charcoal.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื.
04:16
So over the next couple of years,
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ืื– ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
04:18
students and I worked to develop a process.
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04:21
So you start with the bagasse, and then you take a very simple kiln
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ื’ืคืช ื•ืื– ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“
04:25
that you can make out of a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืŸ ืžืฉื•ืžืฉืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื’ืืœื•ืŸ.
04:28
After some time, after setting it on fire,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืื•ื˜ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•
04:31
you seal it to restrict the oxygen that goes into the kiln,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื“ื•ื“,
04:35
and then you end up with this carbonized material here.
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ื•ืื– ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืคื•ื—ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืืŸ.
04:39
However, you can't burn this.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™
04:40
It's too fine and it burns too quickly to be useful for cooking.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืขืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
04:45
So we had to try to find a way to form it into useful briquettes.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืงืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
04:49
And conveniently, one of my students was from Ghana,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืื ื”,
ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืžื ื” ืฉืืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืœื• ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืงื•ืงื•ื ื˜ื”,
04:53
and he remembered a dish his mom used to make for him called "kokonte,"
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04:56
which is a very sticky porridge made out of the cassava root.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื ืช ื“ื™ื™ืกื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืงืกื‘ื”.
04:59
And so what we did was we looked,
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ืื– ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื•, ื•ืžืฆืื ื•
05:01
and we found that cassava is indeed grown in Haiti,
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ืฉืื›ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืงืกื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™, ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื ืžื ื™ื•ืง.
05:04
under the name of "manioc."
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05:06
In fact, it's grown all over the world --
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื --
05:08
yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava, it's all the same thing --
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ื™ื•ืงื”, ื˜ืคื™ื•ืงื”, ืžื ื™ื•ืง, ืงืกื‘ื”, ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ --
05:11
a very starchy root vegetable.
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ื™ืจืง ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืžื™ืœื ื™.
05:14
And you can make a very thick, sticky porridge out of it,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื“ื™ื™ืกื” ืžืื•ื“ ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื”,
05:17
which you can use to bind together the charcoal briquettes.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื.
05:21
So we did this. We went down to Haiti.
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช. ื™ืจื“ื ื• ืœื”ืื™ื˜ื™.
05:24
These are the graduates of the first Ecole de Charbon,
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื” "ืืงื•ืœ ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื•"
05:27
or Charcoal Institute.
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ืื• ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื—ื. ื•ืืœื• --
05:29
And these --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:30
(Laughter)
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05:31
That's right. So I'm actually an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
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-- ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ MIT ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ CIT.
ื•ืืœื• ื”ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื ืฉื”ื›ื ื•.
05:37
And these are the briquettes that we made.
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ื›ืขืช ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื—ืจืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
05:41
Now I'm going to take you to a different continent.
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05:44
This is India
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05:45
and this is the most commonly used cooking fuel in India.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ืœืง ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•: ื’ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืช.
05:48
It's cow dung.
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05:50
And more than in Haiti, this produces really smoky fires,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื™ื˜ื™, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืŸ,
05:54
and this is where you see the health impacts
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
05:56
of cooking with cow dung and biomass as a fuel.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ืœืœื™ ืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื” ื›ื“ืœืง.
06:01
Kids and women are especially affected by it,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื›ืš ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
06:03
because they're the ones who are around the cooking fires.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
ืื– ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
06:07
So we wanted to see
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06:08
if we could introduce this charcoal-making technology there.
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ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคื—ื ื”ื–ื• ืฉื.
06:11
Well, unfortunately, they didn't have sugarcane
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืงื ื” ืกื•ื›ืจ
06:14
and they didn't have cassava,
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืงืกื‘ื”, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืขื“ื ื•.
06:15
but that didn't stop us.
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06:17
What we did was we found what were the locally available sources of biomass.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”, ืžืฆืื ื• ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื” ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
06:21
And there was wheat straw and there was rice straw in this area.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉ ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉ ืื•ืจื– ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
06:24
And what we could use as a binder was actually small amounts of cow manure,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื‘ืง
ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ืช,
06:28
which they used ordinarily for their fuel.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื”ื.
06:31
And we did side-by-side tests,
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ื•ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
06:34
and here you can see the charcoal briquettes
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื ื•ื›ืืŸ ื’ืœืœื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืช.
06:36
and here the cow dung.
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06:38
And you can see that it's a lot cleaner burning of a cooking fuel.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
06:41
And in fact, it heats the water a lot more quickly.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ.
06:43
And so we were very happy, thus far.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืขื“ ื›ื”.
06:46
But one of the things that we found
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื•
06:47
was when we did side-by-side comparisons with wood charcoal,
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคื—ื ืžืขืฅ,
06:50
it didn't burn as long.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืฉืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื• ืžืขื˜,
06:52
And the briquettes crumbled a little bit
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06:54
and we lost energy as they fell apart as they were cooking.
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ื•ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
06:57
So we wanted to try to find a way to make a stronger briquette
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื—ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:00
so that we could compete with wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ืคื—ื ืžืขืฅ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™.
07:05
So we went back to MIT,
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœ MIT, ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”"ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ"
07:07
we took out the Instron machine
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07:09
and we figured out what sort of forces you needed
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš
07:12
in order to compress a briquette to the level
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืืช ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ืคื—ื ืœืจืžื”
07:14
that you actually are getting improved performance out of it?
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื ืžืžื ื” ?
07:17
And at the same time that we had students in the lab looking at this,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
07:21
we also had community partners in Haiti working to develop the process,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื’ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจื• ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœื–ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉื.
07:28
to improve it and make it more accessible to people in the villages there.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
07:34
And after some time,
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07:35
we developed a low-cost press that allows you to produce charcoal,
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื,
07:40
which actually now burns not only --
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ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื•ืขืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื ืงื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคื—ื ืžืขืฅ.
07:43
actually, it burns longer, cleaner than wood charcoal.
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07:47
So now we're in a situation where we have a product,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฆืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:49
which is actually better than what you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
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ืžืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
07:54
which is a very wonderful place to be.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
07:58
In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees are cut down every year.
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ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืขืจืš ื›30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื ื ื›ืจืชื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
08:03
There's a possibility of this being implemented
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื–ื”
08:06
and saving a good portion of those.
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื.
08:08
In addition, the revenue generated from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื”ืคื—ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื 260 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
ื–ื”ื• ืกื›ื•ื ืื“ื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ --
08:15
That's an awful lot for a country like Haiti --
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08:17
with a population of eight million
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ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื” ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
08:19
and an average income of less than 400 dollars.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 400 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
08:23
So this is where we're also moving ahead with our charcoal project.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืคื—ื ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
08:27
And one of the things that I think is also interesting,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื™,
08:30
is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley who's been doing risk analysis.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืงืœื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืื ืœื™ื–ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:34
And he's looked at the problem of the health impacts
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
08:37
of burning wood versus charcoal.
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ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืขืฅ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืคื—ื.
08:39
And he's found that worldwide, you could prevent a million deaths
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ื•ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืขืฅ ื‘ืคื—ื
08:43
switching from wood to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
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08:46
That's remarkable,
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ื›ื“ืœืง ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ. ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
08:48
but up until now, there weren't ways to do it without cutting down trees.
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ืืš ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืœื ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืขืฆื™ื.
08:51
But now we have a way
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš
08:52
that's using an agricultural waste material to create a cooking fuel.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ืœืง ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
08:56
One of the really exciting things, though,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื
08:59
is something that came out of the trip that I took to Ghana just last month.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœื’ืื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
09:02
And I think it's the coolest thing,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื•ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
09:06
and it's even lower tech than what you just saw,
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09:08
if you can imagine such a thing.
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”. ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
09:10
Here it is.
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09:11
So what is this?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื”? ืืœื• ื”ื ืงืœื—ื™ ืชื™ืจืก ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคื—ื.
09:13
This is corncobs turned into charcoal.
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09:16
And the beauty of this is that you don't need to form briquettes --
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื.
09:19
it comes ready made.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“, ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืฉืœื™, ื›ืืŸ.
09:20
This is my $100 laptop, right here.
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09:23
And actually, like Nick, I brought samples.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืง ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
09:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:28
So we can pass these around.
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืืœื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
09:32
They're fully functional, field-tested, ready to roll out.
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ื”ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
09:36
(Laughter)
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09:40
And I think one of the things
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
09:42
which is also remarkable about this technology,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืงืœื”.
09:46
is that the technology transfer is so easy.
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09:49
Compared to the sugarcane charcoal,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืคื—ื ืงื ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ,
09:51
where we have to teach people how to form it into briquettes
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžืžืฉ ืœืœืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื
09:54
and you have the extra step of cooking the binder,
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืง,
09:56
this comes pre-briquetted.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืœื‘ื ื”.
09:58
And this is about the most exciting thing in my life right now,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
10:01
which is perhaps a sad commentary on my life.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืจื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™.
10:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:06
But once you see it, like you guys in the front row --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื›ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
10:09
All right, yeah, OK.
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ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ --
10:10
So anyway --
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10:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:13
Here it is.
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-- ื”ื ื” ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
10:14
And this is, I think, a perfect example
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10:17
of what Robert Wright was talking about in those non-zero-sum things.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
10:22
So not only do you have health benefits,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช,
10:25
you have environmental benefits.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช.
10:27
But this is one of the incredibly rare situations
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ืืš ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“
ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
10:31
where you also have economic benefits.
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10:33
People can make their own cooking fuel from waste products.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื“ืœืง ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช.
10:36
They can generate income from this.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื›ืš ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
10:38
They can save the money that they were going to spend on charcoal
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืคื—ื,
10:41
and they can produce excess and sell it in the market
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ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคืช ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง
10:44
to people who aren't making their own.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
10:46
It's really rare that you don't have trade-offs
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
10:48
between health and economics, or environment and economics.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
10:51
So this is a project that I just find extremely exciting
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
10:55
and I'm really looking forward to see where it takes us.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
11:03
So when we talk about, now, the future we will create,
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11:06
one of the things that I think is necessary
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื™
11:08
is to have a very clear vision of the world that we live in.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:13
And now, I don't actually mean the world that we live in.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:16
I mean the world where women spend two to three hours everyday
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
11:21
grinding grain for their families to eat.
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ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
11:24
I mean the world where advanced building materials
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื
11:27
means cement roofing tiles that are made by hand,
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ืคืจื•ืฉื• ืจืขืคื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“,
11:30
and where, when you work 10 hours a day,
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ื•ืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื,
11:32
you're still only earning 60 dollars in a month.
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ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืจืง 60 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
11:37
I mean the world
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื›40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื.
11:38
where women and children spend 40 billion hours a year fetching water.
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11:45
That's as if the entire workforce of the state of California
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
11:49
worked full time for a year doing nothing but fetching water.
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ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื›ืœื•ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ืืช ืžื™ื.
11:53
It's a place where, for example, if this were India,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ื•,
11:58
in this room, only three of us would have a car.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืจืง ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
12:01
If this were Afghanistan,
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
12:02
only one person in this room would know how the use the Internet.
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ืจืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
12:06
If this were Zambia --
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื‘ื™ื”, 300 ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืงืœืื™ื,
12:08
300 of you would be farmers,
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12:11
100 of you would have AIDS or HIV.
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ืœ100 ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื™ื“ืก ืื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื›ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™.
12:14
And more than half of you would be living on less than a dollar a day.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื.
ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื”ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
12:19
These are the issues that we need to come up with solutions for.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•,
12:24
These are the issues that we need to be training our engineers,
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12:27
our designers, our business people, our entrepreneurs to be facing.
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ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืชื.
12:32
These are the solutions that we need to find.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื.
12:35
I have a few areas that I believe are especially important that we address.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก.
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื™ื–ืžื•ืช,
12:41
One of them is creating technologies
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12:43
to promote micro-finance and micro-enterprise,
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12:46
so that people who are living below the poverty line
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืืช --
12:49
can find a way to move out --
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12:50
and that they're not doing it
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ื•ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช
12:52
using the same traditional basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ืชื ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืงืœื™ืขืช ืกืœื™ื, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
12:55
But there are new technologies and new products
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ืืœื ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
12:58
that they can make on a small scale.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ.
13:00
The next thing I believe
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื
13:02
is that we need to create technologies for poor farmers
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13:06
to add value to their own crops.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืจืš ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื”ื.
13:09
And we need to rethink our development strategies,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
13:12
so that we're not promoting educational campaigns
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืงื“ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช
13:15
to get them to stop being farmers,
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื,
13:17
but rather to stop being poor farmers.
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ืืœื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื.
13:20
And we need to think about how we can do that effectively.
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ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
13:24
We need to work with the people in these communities
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
13:27
and give them the resources and the tools that they need
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื
13:30
to solve their own problems.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
13:31
That's the best way to do it.
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13:33
We shouldn't be doing it from outside.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
13:35
So we need to create this future, and we need to start doing it now.
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ืื– ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
13:40
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:41
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:46
Chris Anderson: Thank you, incredible.
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13:49
Stay here.
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13:51
Tell us -- just while we see if someone has a question --
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ: ืืžืจื™ ืœื ื• -- ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช --
13:54
just tell us about one of the other things that you've worked on.
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ืจืง ืกืคืจื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ืช.
13:57
Amy Smith: Some of the other things we're working on
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ืื™ื™ืžื™ ืกืžื™ืช': ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
14:00
are ways to do low-cost water quality testing,
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14:02
so that communities can maintain their own water systems,
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ื›ืš ืฉืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
14:05
know when they're working, know when they treat them, etc.
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ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื›ื•'.
14:07
We're also looking at low-cost water-treatment systems.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื’ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
14:10
One of the really exciting things is looking at solar water disinfection
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™,
14:14
and improving the ability to be able to do that.
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ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
14:17
CA: What's the bottleneck preventing this stuff getting from scale?
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ื›.ื.: ืžื”ื• ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ?
14:21
Do you need to find entrepreneurs, or venture capitalists,
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
14:24
or what do you need to take what you've got and get it to scale?
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ืื• ืžื” ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ?
14:29
AS: I think it's large numbers of people moving it forward.
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ื.ืก.: ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
14:32
It's a difficult thing --
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื”: ื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืจ
14:33
it's a marketplace which is very fragmented
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14:35
and a consumer population with no income.
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
14:37
So you can't use the same models that you use in the United States
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
14:41
for making things move forward.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
14:42
And we're a pretty small staff,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื™.
14:44
which is me.
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14:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:47
So, you know, I do what I can with the students.
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ืื–, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
14:50
We have 30 students a year go out into the field
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 30 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืฉื˜ื—
14:52
and try to implement this and move it forward.
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื–ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
14:54
The other thing is you have to do things with a long time frame,
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ืขื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—,
14:58
as, you know, you can't expect to get something done in a year or two years;
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉ -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
15:02
you have to be looking five or 10 years ahead.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืื• 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
15:04
But I think with the vision to do that, we can move forward.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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