Jonathan Drori: Why we don't understand as much as we think

71,888 views ใƒป 2008-09-05

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Khalid Elshafie ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:18
I'm going to try and explain why it is that perhaps
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ุณุฃุญูˆู„ ุฃู† ุฃุดุฑุญ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„
00:22
we don't understand as much as we think we do.
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ูู‡ู… ุจู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ู†ุธู† ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ูุนู„.
00:24
I'd like to begin with four questions.
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ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุจุฏุฃ ุจุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ.
00:27
This is not some sort of cultural thing for the time of year.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุดูŠุฆุง ุซู‚ุงููŠุงู‹ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู….
00:30
That's an in-joke, by the way.
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ู‡ุฐุฉ ู†ูƒุชุฉ ุถู…ู†ูŠุฉ ุŒ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ.
00:32
But these four questions, actually,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนุฉุŒ ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
00:35
are ones that people who even know quite a lot about science find quite hard.
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ู‡ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนุฑููˆู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูŠุฌุฏูˆู†ู‡ุง ุตุนุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
00:38
And they're questions that I've asked of science television producers,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ู‚ุฏ ุทุฑุญุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุชุฌูŠ ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุชู„ูุฒูŠูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
00:43
of audiences of science educators --
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ู„ู…ุณุชู…ุนูŠู† ู…ู† ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…--
00:46
so that's science teachers -- and also of seven-year-olds,
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ูˆุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู‡ุคู„ุงุก ู…ุนู„ู…ูŠ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… -- ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุชุฑุงูˆุญ ุฃุนู…ุงุฑู‡ู… ุจูŠู† ุณุจุน ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ
00:50
and I find that the seven-year-olds do marginally better
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ูˆูˆุฌุฏุช ุฃู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุนู…ุงุฑู‡ู… ุณุจุน ุณู†ูˆุงุช ูŠุคุฏูˆู† ุฃูุถู„ ุจู†ุณุจุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ
00:53
than the other audiences, which is somewhat surprising.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชุนู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† ุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุชู‰ ุฃุฌุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุดู‰ ูŠุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฏู‡ุดุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง.
00:55
So the first question, and you might want to write this down,
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ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ุชูˆุฏูˆุง ุฃู† ุชูƒุชุจูˆุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„
00:58
either on a bit of paper, physically, or a virtual piece of paper
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ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ุŒ ูุนู„ูŠุงู‹ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ุฅูุชุฑุงุถูŠุงู‹
01:02
in your head. And, for viewers at home, you can try this as well.
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ููŠ ุฃุฐู‡ุงู†ูƒู…ุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฒู„ุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ุชูˆุฏูˆุง ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ูˆุง ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹.
01:05
A little seed weighs next to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right?
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ุงู„ุจุฐูˆุฑ ู„ุง ุชุฒู† ุดุฆ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุชุฒู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
01:10
I think we agree on that. Where does the tree get the stuff that makes up this chair,
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุชูู‚ ุญูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ. ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดุฌุงุฑ ุจุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุฑุณูŠุŒ
01:16
right? Where does all this stuff come from?
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ุงู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŸ
01:19
(Knocks)
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(ุทุฑู‚)
01:20
And your next question is, can you light a little torch-bulb
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ูˆ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆุŒ ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ู…ุตุจุงุญ ุดุนู„ุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑ
01:26
with a battery, a bulb and one piece of wire?
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ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุจุทุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ ู…ุตุจุงุญ ูˆ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณู„ุงูƒุŸ
01:31
And would you be able to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw
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ูˆู‡ู„ ุณุชุชู…ูƒู†ุŒ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุงุŒ ู…ู† ุฑุณู… -- ู„ุง ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฑุณู…
01:33
the diagram, but would you be able to draw the diagram,
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ุงู„ู…ุฎุทุทุŒ ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู„ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุณู… ุงู„ู…ุฎุทุท
01:35
if you had to do it? Or would you just say,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃู… ุณุชู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ูู‚ุท
01:37
that's actually not possible?
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ุงู†ู‡ ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุณุชุญูŠู„ุŸ
01:40
The third question is, why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
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ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ู‡ูˆ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ุตูŠู ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุณุฎูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุชุงุกุŸ
01:44
I think we can probably agree that it is hotter in summer than in winter,
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฌุญ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุชูู‚ ุฃู† ุงู„ุตูŠู ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุณุฎูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุชุงุกุŒ
01:49
but why? And finally, would you be able to --
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ ูˆ ุฃุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ู„ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ --
01:55
and you can sort of scribble it, if you like --
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู…ุŒ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุงุŒ ุฃู† ุชุฎุฑุจุดูˆุง ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุชู…--
01:57
scribble a plan diagram of the solar system,
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ุฎุฑุจุดุงุช ู…ุฎุทุท ู„ู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ ุŒ
02:00
showing the shape of the planets' orbits?
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ู…ุธู‡ุฑูŠู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ู…ุฏุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจุŸ
02:04
Would you be able to do that?
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ู‡ู„ ุณุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู† ุชูุนู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
02:05
And if you can, just scribble a pattern.
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุŒ ุฎุฑุจุดุงุช ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู†ู…ุท.
02:10
OK. Now, children get their ideas not from teachers,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹. ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃููƒุงุฑู‡ู… -- ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู‡ู…ุŒ
02:16
as teachers often think, but actually from common sense,
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ูƒู…ุง ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ุบุงู„ุจุงู‹ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุณ ุงู„ุณู„ูŠู…ุŒ
02:19
from experience of the world around them,
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ู…ู† ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ุญูˆู„ู‡ู…ุŒ
02:21
from all the things that go on between them and their peers,
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ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุฏุซ ู…ุง ุจูŠู†ู‡ู… ูˆ ุจูŠู† ุฃู‚ุฑุงู†ู‡ู…ุŒ
02:25
and their carers, and their parents, and all of that. Experience.
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ูˆู…ู† ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฑุนุงูŠุชู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆุฃุจุงุฆู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ูƒู„ู‡ุŒ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ.
02:30
And one of the great experts in this field, of course, was, bless him,
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ูˆุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุก ุงู„ุนุธู…ุงุก ูู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุŒ ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุŒ ูƒุงู†ุŒ ุจุงุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ
02:35
Cardinal Wolsey. Be very careful what you get into people's heads
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ุงู„ูƒุงุฑุฏูŠู†ุงู„ ูˆู„ุณูŠ. ูƒู† ุญุฐุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุญูŠุงู„ ู…ุง ุชุถุนู‡ ูู‰ ุนู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
02:39
because it's virtually impossible to shift it afterwards, right?
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญูŠู„ ุฃู† ุชุญูˆู„ ุชููƒูŠุฑู‡ู… ุนู†ู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
02:42
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:45
I'm not quite sure how he died, actually.
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ูู‰ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃู†ุง ู„ุณุช ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ูƒูŠู ู…ุงุช.
02:47
Was he beheaded in the end, or hung?
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ู‡ู„ ูƒุงู† ู…ู‚ุทูˆุน ุงู„ุฑุฃุณ ูู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ุดู†ูˆู‚ุŸ
02:49
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:50
Now, those questions, which, of course, you've got right,
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชู‰ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู‚ุฏ ูƒุชุจุชูˆู‡ุงุŒ
02:52
and you haven't been conferring, and so on.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ุชุชุฏุงูˆู„ูˆู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ุŒ ูˆ ู‡ู„ู… ุฌุฑุงุŒ
02:54
And I -- you know, normally, I would pick people out and humiliate,
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ูˆุฃู†ุง -- ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุฉ ุŒ ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุŒ ูˆุฅุฐู„ุงู„ู‡ู… ุŒ
02:57
but maybe not in this instance.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ูŠุณ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ู.
02:59
A little seed weighs a lot and, basically, all this stuff,
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ุงู„ุจุฐุฑุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุชุฒู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ูˆูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ
03:03
99 percent of this stuff, came out of the air.
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99 ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉุŒ ุฌุงุกุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก.
03:06
Now, I guarantee that about 85 percent of you, or maybe it's fewer at TED,
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุฃุคูƒุฏ ุฃู† 85 ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู†ูƒู…ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฑุจู…ุง ุฃู‚ู„ ู‡ู†ุง ูู‰ ุชูŠุฏุŒ
03:10
will have said it comes out of the ground. And some people,
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ุณูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ
03:13
probably two of you, will come up and argue with me afterwards,
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุฅุซู†ุงู† ู…ู†ูƒู…ุŒ ุณูŠุฃุชูˆุง ูˆ ูŠุชุฌุงุฏู„ูˆุง ู…ุนูŠ ุจุนุฏ ุญูŠู†ุŒ
03:16
and say that actually, it comes out of the ground.
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
03:18
Now, if that was true, we'd have trucks going round the country,
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุตุญูŠุญุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุดุงุญู†ุงุช ุชุฌูˆุจ ุฃุฑุฌุงุก ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ุฉุŒ
03:20
filling people's gardens in with soil, it'd be a fantastic business.
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ุชู…ู„ุฃ ุญุฏุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุจุงู„ุชุฑุจุฉุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู…ู„ ุฑุงุฆุน.
03:23
But, actually, we don't do that.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
03:25
The mass of this comes out of the air.
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ุฅู† ูƒุชู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก.
03:28
Now, I passed all my biology exams in Britain.
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ุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ู†ุฌุญุช ูู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฅู…ุชุญุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุกุŒ ูู‰ ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง
03:32
I passed them really well, but I still came out of school
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู†ุฌุญุช ููŠู‡ู… ุฌูŠุฏุงู‹ ุญู‚ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‰ ุฎุฑุฌุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ
03:34
thinking that that stuff came out of the ground.
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ูˆู„ุง ุฒู„ุช ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
03:37
Second one: can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire?
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ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฅุถุงุกุฉ ู…ุตุจุงุญ ุตุบูŠุฑ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุจุทุงุฑูŠุฉ ูˆ ู…ุตุจุงุญ ูˆ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณู„ุงูƒุŸ
03:41
Yes, you can, and I'll show you in a second how to do that.
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ู†ุนู…ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆ ุณูˆู ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุฎู„ุงู„ ุซูˆุงู†ูŠ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุนู…ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
03:43
Now, I have some rather bad news,
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ุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู†ุจุงุก ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุณุงุฑุฉุŒ
03:45
which is that I had a piece of video that I was about to show you,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏุฉ ู…ู‚ุชุทู ู…ู† ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ูƒู†ุช ุณุงุนุฑุถู‡ ุนู„ูŠูƒู…ุŒ
03:48
which unfortunately -- the sound doesn't work in this room,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุณูˆุก ุงู„ุญุธ -- ุงู„ุตูˆุช ู„ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ ูู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉุŒ
03:51
so I'm going to describe to you, in true "Monty Python" fashion,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุณุฃุตู ู„ูƒู…ุŒ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ูˆู†ุชู‰ ุจุงุซูˆู†ุŒ
03:54
what happens in the video. And in the video, a group of researchers
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ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ูู‰ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ูˆ ูู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆุŒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุงุญุซูŠู†
03:59
go to MIT on graduation day.
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ุฐู‡ุจูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ู…ุงุณุงุชุดูˆุณุชุณ ู„ู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง (ุฃู… ุฃูŠ ุชูŠ) ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุชุฎุฑุฌ.
04:01
We chose MIT because, obviously, that's a very long way away
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุฎุชุฑู†ุง ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ู…ุงุณุงุชุดูˆุณุชุณ ู„ู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุนูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹
04:04
from here, and you wouldn't mind too much,
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ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ูˆ ุฃู†ูƒู… ู„ู† ุชู…ุงู†ุนูˆุง ูƒุซูŠุฑุงุŒ
04:06
but it sort of works the same way in Britain
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ูู‰ ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง
04:09
and in the West Coast of the USA.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุณุงุญู„ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉุŒ
04:11
And we asked them these questions, and we asked those questions
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ูˆุณุฃู„ู†ุงู‡ู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉุŒ ูˆ ุณุฃู„ู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ
04:15
of science graduates, and they couldn't answer them.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎุฑูŠุฌูŠ ู‚ุณู… ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุŒ ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆุง ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู†ู‡ุง.
04:17
And so, there's a whole lot of people saying,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†ุŒ
04:19
"I'd be very surprised if you told me that this came out of the air.
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"ุณุฃูƒูˆู† ู…ู†ุฏู‡ุดุงู‹ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงุฐุง ู‚ู„ุช ู„ูŠ ุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฌุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก.
04:21
That's very surprising to me." And those are science graduates.
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ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ูุฏู‡ุด ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ." ูˆ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ู‡ู… ุฎุฑูŠุฌูŠ ุนู„ูˆู….
04:25
And we intercut it with, "We are the premier science university in the world,"
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ู†ู‡ูŠ ุจู€ : "ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ"
04:28
because of British-like hubris.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠูˆู† ูŠุญุจูˆู† ุงู„ุบุทุฑุณุฉ.
04:30
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
04:31
And when we gave graduate engineers that question,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุนุทูŠู†ุง ุฎุฑูŠุฌูŠ ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ุŒ
04:34
they said it couldn't be done.
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ู‚ุงู„ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุญุฏุซ.
04:36
And when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุนุทูŠู†ุงู‡ู… ุจุทุงุฑูŠุฉ ูˆ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณู„ุงูƒุŒ ูˆ ู…ุตุจุงุญ
04:40
and said, "Can you do it?" They couldn't do it. Right?
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ูˆู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ "ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ" ู„ู… ูŠุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง. ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
04:44
And that's no different from Imperial College in London, by the way,
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ูˆุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉุŒ ูู‰ ู„ู†ุฏู†ุŒ
04:47
it's not some sort of anti-American thing going on.
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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ุดู‰ุก ู…ุง ู…ู†ุงู‡ุถ ู„ู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ.
04:51
As if. Now, the reason this matters is we pay lots and lots of money
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ูƒู…ุง ู„ูˆ. ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฏูุน ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„
04:57
for teaching people -- we might as well get it right.
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ู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
04:59
And there are also some societal reasons
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ
05:01
why we might want people to understand what it is that's happening
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฑุจู…ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุฏุซ
05:05
in photosynthesis. For example, one half of the carbon equation
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ููŠ ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ. ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ ู†ุตู ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†
05:08
is how much we emit, and the other half of the carbon equation,
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ู‡ูˆ ูƒู… ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู†ูุซู‡ุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุตู ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ุŒ
05:11
as I'm very conscious as a trustee of Kew,
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ูˆุงุนูŠ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุŒ ูƒูˆุตูŠ ู…ู† ุญุฏุงุฆู‚ "ูƒูŠูˆ" ุŒ
05:13
is how much things soak up, and they soak up carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
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ูƒู… ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชู‰ ุชู…ุชุตุŒ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู…ุชุต ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†
05:18
That's what plants actually do for a living.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุชูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ู„ู„ุนูŠุด.
05:21
And, for any Finnish people in the audience, this is a Finnish pun:
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ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ุฃูŠ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู…ู† ูู†ู„ู†ุฏุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญุถูˆุฑ ุŒู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู„ุนุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ุงู„ูู†ู„ู†ุฏูŠุฉ ุŒ
05:24
we are, both literally and metaphorically, skating on thin ice
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ู†ุญู† ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ุณูˆุงุก ุญุฑููŠุง ูˆู…ุฌุงุฒูŠุง ุŒ ู†ุชุฒุญู„ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุฑู‚ูŠู‚
05:29
if we don't understand that kind of thing.
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ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ู†ูู‡ู… ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
05:32
Now, here's how you do the battery and the bulb.
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ุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ู‡ุงู‡ูŠ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุจุทุงุฑูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุตุจุงุญ
05:34
It's so easy, isn't it? Of course, you all knew that.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุณู‡ู„ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ ุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ ุฌู…ูŠุนูƒู… ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู„ู… ุฐู„ูƒ.
05:38
But if you haven't played with a battery and a bulb,
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ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ุชู„ุนุจูˆุง ุจุจุทุงุฑูŠุฉ ูˆ ู…ุตุจุงุญุŒ
05:40
if you've only seen a circuit diagram,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชู… ู‚ุฏ ุฑุฃูŠุชู… ูู‚ุท ู…ุฎุทุท ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉุŒ
05:42
you might not be able to do that, and that's one of the problems.
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ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฃุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„.
05:46
So, why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
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ุฅุฐุงุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ุตูŠู ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุณุฎูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุชุงุกุŸ
05:48
We learn, as children, that you get closer to something that's hot,
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ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุงุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ุฃุทูุงู„ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุฃู‚ุชุฑุจู†ุง ู…ู† ุดุฆ ุณุงุฎู† ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
05:51
and it burns you. It's a very powerful bit of learning,
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ูุฅู†ุฉ ุณูŠุญุฑู‚ูƒ. ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ุฌุจุงุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ู… ุŒ
05:54
and it happens pretty early on.
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ูˆูŠุญุฏุซ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุจูƒุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
05:56
By extension, we think to ourselves, "Why it's hotter in summer than in winter
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุŒ ู†ุฑู‰ ู„ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ุฌูˆ ุงูƒุซุฑ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู ู…ู† ููŠ ุงู„ุดุชุงุก
05:59
must be because we're closer to the Sun."
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ.
06:02
I promise you that most of you will have got that.
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ุฃุนุฏูƒู… ุฃู† ู…ุนุธู…ูƒู… ูŠุธู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
06:04
Oh, you're all shaking your heads,
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ุฃูˆู‡ุŒ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูŠู‡ุฒ ุฑุฃุณู‡
06:05
but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู†ูƒู… ูŠู‡ุฒ ุฑุฃุณู‡ ุจุญุฒู…ุŒ
06:08
Other ones are kind of going like this. All right.
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ูˆุฃุฎุฑูŠู†ุŒ ูŠู‡ุฒูˆุง ู‡ูƒุฐุง. ุญุณู†ุงู‹.
06:10
It's hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the Sun
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ุฅู† ุงู„ุตูŠู ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุณุฎูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุชุงุก ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู…ุณุŒ
06:13
are spread out more, right, because of the tilt of the Earth.
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ุชู†ุชุดุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูˆุณุนุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุจุณุจุจ ู…ูŠู„ุงู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
06:17
And if you think the tilt is tilting us closer, no, it isn't.
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชู… ุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงู† ูŠู‚ุฑุจู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑุŒ ูุฐู„ูƒ ุบูŠุฑ ุตุญูŠุญ.
06:20
The Sun is 93 million miles away, and we're tilting like this, right?
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ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ 93 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ูŠู„ุŒ ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ู…ูŠู„ ู‡ูƒุฐุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
06:24
It makes no odds. In fact, in the Northern Hemisphere,
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ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฎู„ุงู ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ููŠ ู†ุตู ุงู„ูƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ
06:27
we're further from the Sun in summer,
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ู†ุญู† ุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠูุŒ
06:30
as it happens, but it makes no odds, the difference.
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุญุฏุซ ุฃูŠ ุฎู„ุงู ุฃูˆ ูุฑู‚.
06:33
OK, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar system.
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ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ู…ู† ุฎุฑุจุดุงุช ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุชุฎุทูŠุทูŠ ู„ู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ.
06:36
If you believe, as most of you probably do,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชู… ุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ู…ุนุธู…ูƒู…ุŒ
06:38
that it's hotter in summer than in winter because we're closer to the Sun,
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ุงู† ุงู„ุตูŠู ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุณุฎูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุชุงุก ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู…ุณุŒ
06:40
you must have drawn an ellipse.
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ู„ุงุจุฏ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุฏ ุฑุณู…ุชู… ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ.
06:42
Right? That would explain it, right?
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ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠูุณุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŸ
06:44
Except, in your -- you're nodding -- now, in your ellipse,
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ุจุฅุณุชุซู†ุงุกุŒ ูู‰ ุงู„ -- ุฃู†ุชู… ุชูˆู…ุฆูˆู†-- ุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ูู‰ ูู„ูƒูƒู…ุŒ
06:48
have you thought, "Well, what happens during the night?"
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ู‡ู„ ููƒุฑุชู…ุŒ " ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูŠุญุฏุซ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ุŸ"
06:50
Between Australia and here, right, they've got summer
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ุจูŠู† ุฃุณุชุฑุงู„ูŠุง ูˆ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุตูŠู
06:54
and we've got winter, and what --
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ูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู†ุญู† ุดุชุงุกุŒ ูˆ ุฅุฐุง--
06:57
does the Earth kind of rush towards the Sun at night,
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ู‡ู„ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุชุณุฑุน ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ูู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุŒ
07:00
and then rush back again? I mean, it's a very strange thing going on,
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ุซู… ุชุนูˆุฏ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŸ ุฃุนู†ูŠุŒ ุฃู† ุดุฆ ุบุฑูŠุจ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูŠุญุฏุซุŒ
07:03
and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุญู…ู„ ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌูŠู† ููŠ ุฑุคูˆุณู†ุง ุŒ ู…ู† ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุตุญูŠุญ ูˆู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ุŒ
07:07
and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูƒุจุดุฑุŒ ููŠ ุดุชู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช.
07:11
So, here's Copernicus' view of what the solar system looked like as a plan.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุฑุฃูŠ ูƒูˆุจุฑู†ูŠูƒูˆุณ ููŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทุท ุŒ
07:16
That's pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper. Right?
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุดุจู‡ ุจู…ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฏ ุฑูุณู… ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจูƒู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ. ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
07:19
And this is NASA's view. They're stunningly similar.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฑุฃูŠ ู†ุงุณุง. ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุฐู‡ู„.
07:22
I hope you notice the coincidence here.
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ุฃุชู…ู†ู‰ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุฏ ู„ุงุญุธุชู… ุงู„ู…ุตุงุฏูุฉ ู‡ู†ุง.
07:25
What would you do if you knew that people had this misconception,
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุชูุนู„ูˆู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุนู„ู…ุชู… ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ุงู„ุฎุงุทุฆุŒ
07:29
right, in their heads, of elliptical orbits
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ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูู‰ ุฑุคูˆุณู‡ู…ุŒ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠุฉ
07:32
caused by our experiences as children?
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ุจุณุจุจ ุชุฌุงุฑุจู†ุง ูƒุฃุทูุงู„ุŸ
07:34
What sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system,
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ู…ุง ุดูƒู„ ู…ุฎุทุท ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุชุนุฑุถูˆู†ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…ุŒ
07:36
to show that it's not really like that?
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ู„ุชุจูŠู†ูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุดุจุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุŸ
07:38
You'd show them something like this, wouldn't you?
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ุณุชุนุฑุถูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุดุฆ ูŠุดุจู‡ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
07:40
It's a plan, looking down from above.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฎุทุทุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุณูู„ ู…ู† ุฃุนู„ู‰.
07:41
But, no, look what I found in the textbooks.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ู„ุงุŒ ุฃู†ุธุฑูˆุง ู…ุงุฐุง ูˆุฌุฏุช ูู‰ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠุฉุŒ
07:44
That's what you show people, right? These are from textbooks,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุชุนุฑุถูˆู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠุฉุŒ
07:47
from websites, educational websites --
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ู…ู† ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุชุŒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠุฉุŒ
07:49
and almost anything you pick up is like that.
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ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ุดุฆ ุชู„ุชู‚ุทูˆู‡ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹
07:51
And the reason it's like that is because it's dead boring
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ูˆุงู„ุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ ุฌุฏุงู‹
07:53
to have a load of concentric circles,
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ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒุŒ
07:55
whereas that's much more exciting, to look at something at that angle,
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ููŠ ุญูŠู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ุŒ ุฃู† ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุŒ
07:58
isn't it? Right? And by doing it at that angle,
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ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ ูˆูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุŒ
08:01
if you've got that misconception in your head, then that
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ุงู„ุฎุงุทุฆ ููŠ ุฑุฃุณูƒ ุŒ ุจุฃู†
08:03
two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional thing will be ellipses.
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ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ู„ุดูŠุก ุซู„ุงุซูŠ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุจูŠุถุงูˆูŠุฉ.
08:08
So you've -- it's crap, isn't it really? As we say.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูุฃู†ุช ูƒู†ุช -- ุงู†ู‡ุง ู‡ุฑุงุก ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุญู‚ุง ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ู†ุญู†ุŸ
08:12
So, these mental models -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุฃุฏู„ุฉ ุชุนุถุฏ ู…ุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ู† ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ.
08:15
We do this, of course, with matters of race, and politics, and everything else,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุŒ ู…ุน ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุนุฑู‚ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุŒ ูˆูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ ุŒ
08:19
and we do it in science as well. So we look, just look --
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ูƒุฐู„ูƒ. ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุญู† ู†ู†ุธุฑ -- ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ --
08:21
and scientists do it, constantly -- we look for evidence
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ูˆุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู… -- ุฃู† ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุฃุฏู„ุฉ
08:24
that reinforces our models, and some folks are just all too able
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ุชุนุฒุฒ ู…ุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ู† ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุŒ ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ูŠุณุช ุณูˆู‰ ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
08:27
and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models.
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ ู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุฒุฒ ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ.
08:30
So, being I'm in the United States, I'll have a dig at the Europeans.
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูƒูˆู†ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุŒ ูˆุณูˆู ุฃุฏู‚ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠูŠู†.
08:34
These are examples of what I would say is bad practice in science
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุŒ ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุณูŠุฆุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุŒ
08:37
teaching centers. These pictures are from La Villette in France
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ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู…ุฑุงูƒุฒ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู…ู† ู„ุง ููŠู„ูŠุช ููŠ ูุฑู†ุณุง ุŒ
08:40
and the welcome wing of the Science Museum in London.
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ูˆุฌู†ุงุญ ุงู„ุชุฑุญูŠุจ ูู‰ ู…ุชุญู ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุจู„ู†ุฏู†.
08:44
And, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุชู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุŒ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุจู‡ุง ุจู†ุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุŒ
08:48
there's a lot of mediation by glass, and it's very blue, and kind of professional --
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ูˆุณุงุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒุฌุงุฌ ุŒ ูˆุงู†ู‡ุง ุฒุฑู‚ุงุก ุฌุฏุง ุŒ ูˆู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ุฅุญุชุฑุงููŠุฉ ุŒ
08:53
in that way that, you know, Woody Allen comes up
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ูˆุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฌุงุก ูˆูˆุฏูŠ ุฃู„ู†
08:56
from under the sheets in that scene in "Annie Hall,"
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ู…ู† ุชุญุช ุงู„ุฑู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุŒ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ููŠ ู‚ุงุนุฉ ุขู†ูŠ ุŒ
08:58
and said, "God, that's so professional." And that you don't --
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ูˆู‚ุงู„ : "ูŠุง ุฅู„ู‡ูŠ ุŒ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู…ู„ ู…ุญุชุฑู ุฌุฏุงู‹ " ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ูƒ ู„ุง --
09:01
there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right,
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ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ููŠู‡ ุดุบู ุŒ ูˆุงู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุนู…ู„ูŠ ุŒ ุญุณู†ุงุŒ
09:04
and, you know, pun intended. Whereas good interpretation --
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ูˆุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ ูŠู‚ุตุฏ ุงู„ุชูˆุฑูŠุฉ. ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุฌูŠุฏุŒ
09:07
I'll use an example from nearby -- is San Francisco Exploratorium,
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ุณูˆู ุฃุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ุซุงู„ ู…ู† ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุŒุฅุณุชูƒุดุงู ุณุงู† ูุฑุงู†ุณูŠุณูƒูˆ ุŒ
09:11
where all the things that -- the demonstrations, and so on,
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ -- ุงู„ู…ุธุงู‡ุฑุงุช ุŒ ูˆู‡ู„ู… ุฌุฑุง ุŒ
09:14
are made out of everyday objects that children can understand,
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูู‡ู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุŒ
09:17
it's very hands-on, and they can engage with, and experiment with.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุฌุฏุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ุง ุŒ ูˆุชุฌุฑุจุชู‡ุง.
09:20
And I know that if the graduates at MIT
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุฎุฑูŠุฌูŠ ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ู…ุงุณุงุชุดูˆุณุชุณ ู„ู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง
09:22
and in the Imperial College in London had had the battery and the wire
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ูˆ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ููŠ ู„ู†ุฏู† ุงู„ุจุทุงุฑูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุณู„ุงูƒ ุŒ
09:26
and the bit of stuff, and you know, been able to do it,
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุŒ ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ
09:29
they would have learned how it actually works,
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ูˆุณูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุฏ ุชุนู„ู…ูˆุง ูƒูŠู ุชุนู…ู„ ูู‰ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ
09:32
rather than thinking that they follow circuit diagrams and can't do it.
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ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ูู‰ ุฃู† ูŠุชุจุนูˆุง ู…ุฎุทุท ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ูˆู‡ู… ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
09:36
So good interpretation is more about
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„
09:38
things that are bodged and stuffed and of my world, right?
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ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏุจุฌุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุดูˆุฉุŒ ูˆุนู† ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุŸ
09:42
And things that -- where there isn't an extra barrier
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ -- ุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุญุงุฌุฒ ุงุถุงููŠ
09:44
of a piece of glass or machined titanium,
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ู„ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒุฌุงุฌ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุชุดูƒูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠุชุงู†ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
09:47
and it all looks fantastic, OK?
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ูˆูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุฑุงุฆุน ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
09:49
And the Exploratorium does that really, really well.
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ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ูŠูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุญู‚ุง ุŒ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุŒ
09:52
And it's amateur, but amateur in the best sense,
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ูˆุงู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุฉ ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู„ู‡ูˆุงุฉ ููŠ ุฃุญุณู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุชุŒ
09:55
in other words, the root of the word being of love and passion.
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ูˆุจุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ ุฌุฐุฑ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุจ ูˆุงู„ุนุงุทูุฉ.
10:00
So, children are not empty vessels, OK?
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ุฃูˆุนูŠุฉ ูุงุฑุบุฉุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
10:02
So, as "Monty Python" would have it,
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ู„ุฐุง ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ูˆู†ุชูŠ ุจูŠุซูˆู† ุŒ
10:04
this is a bit Lord Privy Seal to say so,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฎุชู… ุงู„ู„ูˆุฑุฏ ุจุฑุงูŠููŠ ู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
10:06
but this is -- children are not empty vessels.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ุฃูˆุนูŠุฉ ูุงุฑุบุฉ.
10:08
They come with their own ideas and their own theories,
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ูˆู‡ู… ูŠุฃุชูˆุง ู…ุน ุฃููƒุงุฑู‡ู… ูˆู†ุธุฑูŠุงุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุŒ
10:10
and unless you work with those, then you won't be able to shift them,
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ูˆุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ุชู„ูƒ ุŒ ูุฅู†ูƒ ุณูˆู ู„ู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑุนู„ู‰ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ู… ุŒ
10:14
right? And I probably haven't shifted your ideas
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ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฌุญ ุฃู†ู†ู‰ ู„ู… ุฃุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุฃููƒุงุฑูƒู… ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
10:16
of how the world and universe operates, either.
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ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠู ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
10:19
But this applies, equally, to matters of trying to sell new technology.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆุงุฉ ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
10:22
For example, we are, in Britain, we're trying to do a digital switchover
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ ู†ุญู† -- ููŠ ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง ุŒ ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุชุญูˆู„ ุฑู‚ู…ูŠ
10:25
of the whole population into digital technology [for television].
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ู…ู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุน ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุดุงุดุฉ ุงู„ุชู„ูุฒูŠูˆู†.
10:27
And it's one of the difficult things
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ูˆุฃู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุตุนุจ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ
10:29
is that when people have preconceptions of how it all works,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ู…ูุณุจู‚ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ
10:31
it's quite difficult to shift those.
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ูุฅู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ.
10:34
So we're not empty vessels; the mental models that we have
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุณู†ุง ุฃูˆุนูŠุฉ ูุงุฑุบุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุงู„ุฐู‡ู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
10:38
as children persist into adulthood.
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ูƒุฃุทูุงู„ ุชุตู„ ู„ุณู† ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุบ.
10:40
Poor teaching actually does more harm than good.
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ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุถุนูŠู ูŠุถุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูู‰ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ู…ุง ูŠู†ูุน.
10:42
In this country and in Britain, magnetism is understood better
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ูู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุŒ ูˆูู‰ ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุงุŒ ุงู„ู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉ ุชูู‡ู… ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ
10:46
by children before they've been to school than afterwards, OK?
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ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู‚ุจู„ ุฐู‡ุงุจู‡ู… ู„ู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ ูˆู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ
10:49
Same for gravity, two concepts, so it's -- which is quite humbling,
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ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดุฆ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุŒ ู…ูู‡ูˆู…ูŠู† ุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ -- ู‡ุฐุง ุชุญู‚ูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุŒ
10:53
as a, you know, if you're a teacher, and you look before and after,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู…ุฏุฑุณุง ุŒ ูˆุฃู†ุช ุชู†ุธุฑ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ูˆุจุนุฏ ุŒ
10:56
that's quite worrying. They do worse in tests afterwards, after the teaching.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู‚ู„ู‚ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ. ุฃุฏุงุคู‡ู… ุฃุณูˆุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุณ.
11:00
And we collude. We design tests,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุชุฃู…ุฑุŒ ูˆู†ุตู…ู… ุงู„ุฅู…ุชุญุงู†ุงุชุŒ
11:02
or at least in Britain, so that people pass them. Right?
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ูู‰ ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุงุŒ ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู†ุฌุญ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ . ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
11:05
And governments do very well. They pat themselves on the back.
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ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ. ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฑุจุชูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุธู‡ูˆุฑู‡ู….
11:08
OK? We collude, and actually if you --
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŸ ู†ุญู† ู†ุชุฃู…ุฑุŒ ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฅุฐุง--
11:12
if someone had designed a test for me
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ุตู…ู… ู„ูŠ ุดุฎุต ู…ุง ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑ
11:14
when I was doing my biology exams,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุฃู…ุชุญู† ุฅู…ุชุญุงู† ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุŒ
11:16
to really understand, to see whether I'd understood
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ู„ูŠุฑู‰ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ูู‡ู…ุช ุญู‚ุงู‹ -- ู„ูŠุฑู‰ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู‚ุฏ ูู‡ู…ุช
11:18
more than just kind of putting starch and iodine together
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูˆุถุน ุงู„ู†ุดุง ูˆ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฏ ู…ุนุงู‹ุŒ
11:20
and seeing it go blue,
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ูˆุฑุคูŠุชู‡ู… ูŠุชุญูˆู„ูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ุŒ
11:22
and really understood that plants took their mass out of the air,
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ูˆูู‡ู… ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุชู„ุชู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุกุŒ
11:25
then I might have done better at science.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุฃุคุฏูŠ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูุถู„ ูู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู….
11:30
So the most important thing is to get people to articulate their models.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู† ุฃู‡ู… ุดูŠุก ู‡ูˆ ุชุนุจูŠุฑุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู† ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌู‡ุง.
11:35
Your homework is -- you know, how does an aircraft's wing create lift?
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ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูƒ -- ู‡ู„ ุชุนู„ู…ูˆุง ุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุฌู†ุงุญ ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ุจุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู‚ุŸ
11:40
An obvious question, and you'll have an answer now in your heads.
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ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุทุฑุญ ู†ูุณู‡ ุŒ ูˆุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุงู„ุขู† ุฌูˆุงุจุง ููŠ ุฑุคูˆุณูƒู… ุŒ
11:44
And the second question to that then is,
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ูˆุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆุŒ
11:47
ensure you've explained how it is that planes can fly upside down.
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ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู†ูƒ ุดุฑุญุช ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุทุงุฆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุทูŠุฑุงู† ุฑุฃุณุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู‚ุจ.
11:51
Ah ha, right. Second question is, why is the sea blue? All right?
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ุงูŽู‡ุŒ ุญุณู†ุงู‹. ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ุงู„ู„ูˆู†ุŸ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุŸ
11:55
And you've all got an idea in your head of the answer.
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ูˆุฌู…ูŠุนูƒู… ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ููƒุฑุฉ ูู‰ ุฑุฃุณู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ.
11:59
So, why is it blue on cloudy days? Ah, see.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ูู‰ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… ุงู„ู…ู„ุจุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุบูŠูˆู…ุŸ ุงูŽู‡ุŒ ุฃุฑุงูŠุชู…
12:03
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
12:06
I've always wanted to say that in this country.
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ู„ุทุงู„ู…ุง ุฃุฑุฏุช ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ
12:08
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
12:10
Finally, my plea to you is to allow yourselves, and your children,
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ูˆุฃุฎูŠุฑุง ุŒ ู…ู†ุงุดุฏุชูŠ ู„ูƒู… ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุญ ู„ุฃู†ูุณูƒู… ุŒ ูˆู„ุฃุทูุงู„ูƒู… ุŒ
12:14
and anyone you know, to kind of fiddle with stuff,
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ูˆุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ุชุนุฑููˆู‡ุŒ ู„ู„ุนุจุซ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุŒ
12:17
because it's by fiddling with things that you, you know,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ุนุจุซ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุŒ
12:19
you complement your other learning. It's not a replacement,
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ูุฃู†ุช ุชูƒู…ู„ ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูƒ . ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุฏูŠู„ุงู‹.
12:21
it's just part of learning that's important.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุฉ ูู‚ุท ุฌุฒุก ู…ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… .
12:24
Thank you very much.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹.
12:25
Now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุฃูˆู‡ ุŒ ุฃูˆู‡ ู†ุนู… ุŒูู„ุชู…ุถูˆุง ู‚ุฏู…ุง ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ูู„ุชู…ุถูˆุง ู‚ุฏู…ุง.
12:28
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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