Jonathan Drori: Why we don't understand as much as we think

71,888 views ใƒป 2008-09-05

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yong-Geun Song ๊ฒ€ํ† : Julie Park
00:18
I'm going to try and explain why it is that perhaps
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜, ์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ
00:22
we don't understand as much as we think we do.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
I'd like to begin with four questions.
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๋จผ์ € ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
This is not some sort of cultural thing for the time of year.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
That's an in-joke, by the way.
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์•„, ์ด๊ฑด ์„ ์ƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๋‹ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
But these four questions, actually,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
00:35
are ones that people who even know quite a lot about science find quite hard.
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๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
And they're questions that I've asked of science television producers,
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์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ๊ณผํ•™ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค๊ณผ,
00:43
of audiences of science educators --
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๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์œก์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ด€๊ฐ--
00:46
so that's science teachers -- and also of seven-year-olds,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด์ฃ -- ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ 7์„ธ ๊ผฌ๋งˆ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
and I find that the seven-year-olds do marginally better
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด 7์‚ด ๊ผฌ๋งˆ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ
00:53
than the other audiences, which is somewhat surprising.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
So the first question, and you might want to write this down,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค : ์ข…์ด์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์œผ์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
00:58
either on a bit of paper, physically, or a virtual piece of paper
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
01:02
in your head. And, for viewers at home, you can try this as well.
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์ง‘์— ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ฐฉ์ฒญ๊ฐ๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
A little seed weighs next to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right?
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์ž‘์€ ์”จ์•—์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฌด๊ฒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
01:10
I think we agree on that. Where does the tree get the stuff that makes up this chair,
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์ด ์ ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜์ž๋ฅผ
01:16
right? Where does all this stuff come from?
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:19
(Knocks)
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(๋˜‘๋˜‘)
01:20
And your next question is, can you light a little torch-bulb
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค : ์ „์ง€์™€, ์ „์„  ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€, ๊ผฌ๋งˆ์ „๊ตฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ
01:26
with a battery, a bulb and one piece of wire?
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์ „๊ตฌ์— ๋ถˆ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:31
And would you be able to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ตณ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆด ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ,
01:33
the diagram, but would you be able to draw the diagram,
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํšŒ๋กœ๋„๋ฅผ
01:35
if you had to do it? Or would you just say,
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๊ทธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ
01:37
that's actually not possible?
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:40
The third question is, why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค : ์™œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฒจ์šธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:44
I think we can probably agree that it is hotter in summer than in winter,
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฒจ์šธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฅ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ๋™์˜ํ•˜์‹œ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
but why? And finally, would you be able to --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”? ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ,
01:55
and you can sort of scribble it, if you like --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:57
scribble a plan diagram of the solar system,
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:00
showing the shape of the planets' orbits?
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ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ถค์ ์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
Would you be able to do that?
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ํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
02:05
And if you can, just scribble a pattern.
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๊ทธ์ € ๋ชจ์–‘๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ค ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
OK. Now, children get their ideas not from teachers,
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๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
02:16
as teachers often think, but actually from common sense,
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š”
02:19
from experience of the world around them,
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์ฃผ์œ„ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
from all the things that go on between them and their peers,
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์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋˜๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋“ค,
02:25
and their carers, and their parents, and all of that. Experience.
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๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด์ฃ .
02:30
And one of the great experts in this field, of course, was, bless him,
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ Wolsey ์ถ”๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Cardinal Wolsey. Be very careful what you get into people's heads
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ๋ญ˜ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:39
because it's virtually impossible to shift it afterwards, right?
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์™€์„œ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
02:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:45
I'm not quite sure how he died, actually.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
02:47
Was he beheaded in the end, or hung?
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์ฐธ์ˆ˜๋‹นํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฐ€์š”, ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ˜•๋‹นํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฐ€์š”?
02:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:50
Now, those questions, which, of course, you've got right,
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์•„๊นŒ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‹ค๋“ค ๋‹ต์„ ์ ์œผ์…จ์ฃ ?
02:52
and you haven't been conferring, and so on.
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๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
02:54
And I -- you know, normally, I would pick people out and humiliate,
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๋ณดํ†ต์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ง€๋ชฉํ•ด์„œ ์ฐฝํ”ผ์ฃผ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
02:57
but maybe not in this instance.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
A little seed weighs a lot and, basically, all this stuff,
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์ž‘์€ ์”จ์•—์ด ํฐ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ,
03:03
99 percent of this stuff, came out of the air.
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99ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
Now, I guarantee that about 85 percent of you, or maybe it's fewer at TED,
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์ด์ œ, ์ด ์ค‘์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ 85ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€, TED ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ข€ ๋‚ฎ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:10
will have said it comes out of the ground. And some people,
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๋•…์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜์…จ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„๋“ค์€,
03:13
probably two of you, will come up and argue with me afterwards,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋‘ ๋ถ„ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฒŒ
03:16
and say that actually, it comes out of the ground.
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์ง„์งœ ๋•…์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋”ฐ์ง€๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
Now, if that was true, we'd have trucks going round the country,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์‹œ๊ณจ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋…ผ๋ฐญ์— ํ™์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š”
03:20
filling people's gardens in with soil, it'd be a fantastic business.
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ํŠธ๋Ÿญ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”. ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
But, actually, we don't do that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง„ ์•Š์ž–์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
03:25
The mass of this comes out of the air.
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์ด๊ฒƒ[๋‚˜๋ฌด]์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
Now, I passed all my biology exams in Britain.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
03:32
I passed them really well, but I still came out of school
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๊ทธ ์‹œํ—˜๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์ ๋„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ข‹์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กธ์—…ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”
03:34
thinking that that stuff came out of the ground.
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋•…์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:37
Second one: can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire?
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ : ์ „์ง€์™€, ์ „์„  ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:41
Yes, you can, and I'll show you in a second how to do that.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์‹œ ํ›„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
03:43
Now, I have some rather bad news,
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๋ถˆ์šดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์Œ์„ฑ ์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ
03:45
which is that I had a piece of video that I was about to show you,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
03:48
which unfortunately -- the sound doesn't work in this room,
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์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
so I'm going to describe to you, in true "Monty Python" fashion,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ Monty Python (์—ญ์ฃผ: 70๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ๋ช… ๊ฐœ๊ทธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ) ์‹์œผ๋กœ
03:54
what happens in the video. And in the video, a group of researchers
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š”, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด
03:59
go to MIT on graduation day.
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์กธ์—…์‹๋‚ ์— MIT๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
We chose MIT because, obviously, that's a very long way away
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MIT๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ
04:04
from here, and you wouldn't mind too much,
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณ„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
but it sort of works the same way in Britain
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ
04:09
and in the West Coast of the USA.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„œ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ๋“ฑ,
04:11
And we asked them these questions, and we asked those questions
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ์ดํ•™ ์กธ์—…์ƒ๋“ค ์กฐ์ฐจ
04:15
of science graduates, and they couldn't answer them.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
And so, there's a whole lot of people saying,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
"I'd be very surprised if you told me that this came out of the air.
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"๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:21
That's very surprising to me." And those are science graduates.
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์ด๊ณต๊ณ„ ์กธ์—…์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
And we intercut it with, "We are the premier science university in the world,"
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
because of British-like hubris.
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์˜๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:30
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:31
And when we gave graduate engineers that question,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์กธ์—…์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
04:34
they said it couldn't be done.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
And when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb,
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์ „์ง€์™€ ์ „์„  ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค€ ํ›„์— "ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?" ๋ผ๊ณ 
04:40
and said, "Can you do it?" They couldn't do it. Right?
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๋ฌผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
04:44
And that's no different from Imperial College in London, by the way,
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž„ํŽ˜๋ฆฌ์–ผ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ๋„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
it's not some sort of anti-American thing going on.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ฏธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:51
As if. Now, the reason this matters is we pay lots and lots of money
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:57
for teaching people -- we might as well get it right.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ์ง€์š”.
04:59
And there are also some societal reasons
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋ผ๋„
05:01
why we might want people to understand what it is that's happening
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๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
in photosynthesis. For example, one half of the carbon equation
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹์˜ ํ•œ์ชฝ์—๋Š”
05:08
is how much we emit, and the other half of the carbon equation,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋А๋ƒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์—๋Š”,
05:11
as I'm very conscious as a trustee of Kew,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ Kew์‹๋ฌผ์›์˜ ์œ„์›์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด,
05:13
is how much things soak up, and they soak up carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ . ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ.
05:18
That's what plants actually do for a living.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋จน๊ณ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ž–์•„์š”?
05:21
And, for any Finnish people in the audience, this is a Finnish pun:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”? ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์‹ ๋†๋‹ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
we are, both literally and metaphorically, skating on thin ice
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋น„์œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:29
if we don't understand that kind of thing.
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์–‡์€ ์–ผ์Œ ์œ„์—์„œ ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Now, here's how you do the battery and the bulb.
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์ด์ œ ์ „์ง€์™€ ์ „๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
It's so easy, isn't it? Of course, you all knew that.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‰ฝ์ฃ ? ์•„, ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋‹ค ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์…จ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:38
But if you haven't played with a battery and a bulb,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์ง€์™€ ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€์•„ ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:40
if you've only seen a circuit diagram,
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๊ทธ์ € ํšŒ๋กœ๋„๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์ •๋„๋ผ๋ฉด
05:42
you might not be able to do that, and that's one of the problems.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
So, why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์™œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์€ ๊ฒจ์šธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šธ๊นŒ์š”?
05:48
We learn, as children, that you get closer to something that's hot,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด๋•Œ, ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
05:51
and it burns you. It's a very powerful bit of learning,
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ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ,
05:54
and it happens pretty early on.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ผ์ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:56
By extension, we think to ourselves, "Why it's hotter in summer than in winter
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์‹์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šธ๋ณด๋‹ค
05:59
must be because we're closer to the Sun."
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ํƒœ์–‘์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฅ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ต ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
I promise you that most of you will have got that.
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์ดํ•ด ํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์žฅ๋‹ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
Oh, you're all shaking your heads,
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์•„, ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ “๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์‹ ๋ฐ,
06:05
but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค๋งŒ ๋‹จํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ €์œผ์‹œ๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
06:08
Other ones are kind of going like this. All right.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž,
06:10
It's hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the Sun
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์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ด‘์„ ์ด ๋” ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ๋ฅ๋‹ค๊ณ 
06:13
are spread out more, right, because of the tilt of the Earth.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ . ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
And if you think the tilt is tilting us closer, no, it isn't.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–‘์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”? ์•„๋‡จ, ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
The Sun is 93 million miles away, and we're tilting like this, right?
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ํƒœ์–‘์€ 9์ฒœ3๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ผ (์—ญ์ฃผ: ์•ฝ 1์–ต5์ฒœ๋งŒ km) ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ด ์š”๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ฃ ?
06:24
It makes no odds. In fact, in the Northern Hemisphere,
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๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด ์•ˆ ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—
06:27
we're further from the Sun in summer,
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ํƒœ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
06:30
as it happens, but it makes no odds, the difference.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด ์•ˆ ๋‚˜์ง€์š”.
06:33
OK, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar system.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ, ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋‚™์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
If you believe, as most of you probably do,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด,
06:38
that it's hotter in summer than in winter because we're closer to the Sun,
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์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๋”์šด ๊ฑด ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด,
06:40
you must have drawn an ellipse.
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ํƒ€์›ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
Right? That would explain it, right?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
06:44
Except, in your -- you're nodding -- now, in your ellipse,
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๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€, ๋„๋•์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ - ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํƒ€์› ๊ถค๋„์—์„œ,
06:48
have you thought, "Well, what happens during the night?"
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"๋ฐค์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ง€?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ด ๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
06:50
Between Australia and here, right, they've got summer
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด๊ณ 
06:54
and we've got winter, and what --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šธ์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด --
06:57
does the Earth kind of rush towards the Sun at night,
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๋ฐค์—๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์Šฅ ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:00
and then rush back again? I mean, it's a very strange thing going on,
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๋„๋กœ ์Šค์Šฅ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ, ์ •๋ง ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right,
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ์†์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ณ๊ณ  ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด.
07:07
and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ธฐ์—, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
07:11
So, here's Copernicus' view of what the solar system looked like as a plan.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
That's pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper. Right?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ข…์ด์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
07:19
And this is NASA's view. They're stunningly similar.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ NASA ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€๋ž๋„๋ก ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
I hope you notice the coincidence here.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์šฐ์—ฐ์˜ ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€.
07:25
What would you do if you knew that people had this misconception,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํƒ€์› ๊ถค๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„,
07:29
right, in their heads, of elliptical orbits
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ , ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:32
caused by our experiences as children?
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๊ทธ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด?
07:34
What sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜
07:36
to show that it's not really like that?
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:38
You'd show them something like this, wouldn't you?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
07:40
It's a plan, looking down from above.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
But, no, look what I found in the textbooks.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ์šฉ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
That's what you show people, right? These are from textbooks,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์‹ค๊บผ์ฃ ? ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค์€ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—,
07:47
from websites, educational websites --
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์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ -- ํŠนํžˆ ๊ต์œก์šฉ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— --
07:49
and almost anything you pick up is like that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์‹ค๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
And the reason it's like that is because it's dead boring
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์‹ฌ์›๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด
07:53
to have a load of concentric circles,
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๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋”ฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:55
whereas that's much more exciting, to look at something at that angle,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์™€, ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ฃ ,
07:58
isn't it? Right? And by doing it at that angle,
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์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์š”? ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
08:01
if you've got that misconception in your head, then that
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๊ทธ (ํƒ€์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ) ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ € 3์ฐจ์›์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:03
two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional thing will be ellipses.
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2์ฐจ์›์ƒ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ํƒ€์›์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
So you've -- it's crap, isn't it really? As we say.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ -- ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ™์ฃ , ์ง„์งœ, ํ”ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด?
08:12
So, these mental models -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ณด๊ฐ•ํ•  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
We do this, of course, with matters of race, and politics, and everything else,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ธ์ข…, ์ •์น˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:19
and we do it in science as well. So we look, just look --
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๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋ฉด--๋ณด์„ธ์š”--
08:21
and scientists do it, constantly -- we look for evidence
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๋„ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•˜์ฃ --์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด ์ค„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„
08:24
that reinforces our models, and some folks are just all too able
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์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ
08:27
and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models.
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์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
So, being I'm in the United States, I'll have a dig at the Europeans.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ, ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊น€์—, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๊นŒ ๋ณด์ฃ .
08:34
These are examples of what I would say is bad practice in science
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์ด ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋“ค์€, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข‹์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ด€๋ก€์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
08:37
teaching centers. These pictures are from La Villette in France
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ต์œก ์„ผํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ La Villette์™€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜
08:40
and the welcome wing of the Science Museum in London.
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Welcome Wing์—์„œ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
08:44
And, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
08:48
there's a lot of mediation by glass, and it's very blue, and kind of professional --
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋ง‰ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰์„ ๋„๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
in that way that, you know, Woody Allen comes up
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, Woody Allen ์ด ์˜ํ™” Annie Hall์˜ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ
08:56
from under the sheets in that scene in "Annie Hall,"
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์‹œํŠธ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด,
08:58
and said, "God, that's so professional." And that you don't --
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"์„ธ์ƒ์—, ์ •๋ง ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ด์•ผ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ์ธ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋Š”
09:01
there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right,
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์—ด์ •์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์ฃ , ์ง์ ‘ ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ž–์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
09:04
and, you know, pun intended. Whereas good interpretation --
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์•„, ๋„ค, ๋†๋‹ด ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์—ญ: hands on ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด). ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ํ•ด์„์ด๋ž€,
09:07
I'll use an example from nearby -- is San Francisco Exploratorium,
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ” Exploratorium์ด์ฃ .
09:11
where all the things that -- the demonstrations, and so on,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค, ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
09:14
are made out of everyday objects that children can understand,
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋งค์ผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ, ์ดํ•ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:17
it's very hands-on, and they can engage with, and experiment with.
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๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:20
And I know that if the graduates at MIT
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ €๋Š” MIT ์™€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ž„ํŽ˜๋ฆฌ์–ผ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ ์กธ์—…์ƒ๋“ค์ด
09:22
and in the Imperial College in London had had the battery and the wire
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๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€, ์ „์„ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ,
09:26
and the bit of stuff, and you know, been able to do it,
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ–๊ณ , ์ „๊ตฌ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:29
they would have learned how it actually works,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
09:32
rather than thinking that they follow circuit diagrams and can't do it.
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ํšŒ๋กœ๋„๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์„ ํ…Œ์ฃ .
09:36
So good interpretation is more about
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•ด์„์€
09:38
things that are bodged and stuffed and of my world, right?
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์ข€ ๋” ๋Œ€์ถฉ๋Œ€์ถฉ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„, ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
09:42
And things that -- where there isn't an extra barrier
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค -- ๊ทธ์ € ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ
09:44
of a piece of glass or machined titanium,
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์œ ๋ฆฌ ์กฐํ˜•๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋œ ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„์˜
09:47
and it all looks fantastic, OK?
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๋ฒฝ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์˜ค์ผ€์ด?
09:49
And the Exploratorium does that really, really well.
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Exploratorium ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ, ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
And it's amateur, but amateur in the best sense,
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์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ข‹์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ์จ์˜ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”,
09:55
in other words, the root of the word being of love and passion.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์—ด์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด์›์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ทธ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์ฃ .
10:00
So, children are not empty vessels, OK?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋Š” ๋นˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค?
10:02
So, as "Monty Python" would have it,
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Monty Python ์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ,
10:04
this is a bit Lord Privy Seal to say so,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ข€ ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ,
10:06
but this is -- children are not empty vessels.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ๋นˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
They come with their own ideas and their own theories,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
10:10
and unless you work with those, then you won't be able to shift them,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ƒ, ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
right? And I probably haven't shifted your ideas
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์ € ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€
10:16
of how the world and universe operates, either.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:19
But this applies, equally, to matters of trying to sell new technology.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํŒ๋งค์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
For example, we are, in Britain, we're trying to do a digital switchover
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด -- ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ TV ์—์„œ
10:25
of the whole population into digital technology [for television].
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ TV ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
And it's one of the difficult things
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:29
is that when people have preconceptions of how it all works,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ ์ž…๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
10:31
it's quite difficult to shift those.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›€์ง์ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
So we're not empty vessels; the mental models that we have
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ง€์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
10:38
as children persist into adulthood.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ด๋ฅธ์ด ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ •์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:40
Poor teaching actually does more harm than good.
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์€ ์ด๋กœ์›€๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•ด๋กœ์›€์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
In this country and in Britain, magnetism is understood better
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์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ, ์ž๊ธฐํ•™์€ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:46
by children before they've been to school than afterwards, OK?
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ํ•™๊ต ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค?
10:49
Same for gravity, two concepts, so it's -- which is quite humbling,
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์ค‘๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”. ๋ฒŒ์จ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ •๋ง ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ ,
10:53
as a, you know, if you're a teacher, and you look before and after,
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์„ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•™๊ต ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
10:56
that's quite worrying. They do worse in tests afterwards, after the teaching.
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๊ฝค ๊ฑฑ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์— ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚˜๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ต์œก ์ดํ›„์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:00
And we collude. We design tests,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋ชจํ•ด์„œ,
11:02
or at least in Britain, so that people pass them. Right?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
11:05
And governments do very well. They pat themselves on the back.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋’ค์— ์ž์ถ•์ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
11:08
OK? We collude, and actually if you --
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์‹ค,
11:12
if someone had designed a test for me
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ,
11:14
when I was doing my biology exams,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:16
to really understand, to see whether I'd understood
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •๋ง ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:18
more than just kind of putting starch and iodine together
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๋Œ€์ถฉ ๋…น๋ง๊ณผ ์š”์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ž์—ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
11:20
and seeing it go blue,
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์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
11:22
and really understood that plants took their mass out of the air,
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:25
then I might have done better at science.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ ์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ข€ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
So the most important thing is to get people to articulate their models.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ "๋ชจ๋ธ"์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
Your homework is -- you know, how does an aircraft's wing create lift?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ˆ™์ œ๋Š” -- ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์–‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
11:40
An obvious question, and you'll have an answer now in your heads.
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์‰ฌ์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ต์ด ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž์„ํ…๋ฐ์š”,
11:44
And the second question to that then is,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
11:47
ensure you've explained how it is that planes can fly upside down.
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๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด์„œ ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:51
Ah ha, right. Second question is, why is the sea blue? All right?
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์•„ํ•˜! ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€, ์™œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
And you've all got an idea in your head of the answer.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ต์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
So, why is it blue on cloudy days? Ah, see.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๋‚€ ๋‚ ์—๋„ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์•„ํ•˜, ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
12:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:06
I've always wanted to say that in this country.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ผญ ์ด ๋ง์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:10
Finally, my plea to you is to allow yourselves, and your children,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด, ๊ณง ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด,
12:14
and anyone you know, to kind of fiddle with stuff,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žฅ๋‚œ์„ ์ณ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธธ ๊ถŒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
because it's by fiddling with things that you, you know,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์žฅ๋‚œ์„ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณง
12:19
you complement your other learning. It's not a replacement,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐ์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
12:21
it's just part of learning that's important.
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๋ฐฐ์›€์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด์ฃ .
12:24
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
Now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.
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์ด์ œ, ์•„, ๋„ค, ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜ ์น˜์…”๋„ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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