Jonathan Drori: Why we don't understand as much as we think

71,614 views ใƒป 2008-09-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Amit Lampit
00:18
I'm going to try and explain why it is that perhaps
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ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ
00:22
we don't understand as much as we think we do.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:24
I'd like to begin with four questions.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื 4 ืฉืืœื•ืช.
00:27
This is not some sort of cultural thing for the time of year.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืงื˜ืข ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
00:30
That's an in-joke, by the way.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
00:32
But these four questions, actually,
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ืืš ื‘-4 ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
00:35
are ones that people who even know quite a lot about science find quite hard.
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ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
00:38
And they're questions that I've asked of science television producers,
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืœืžืคื™ืงื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืข ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
00:43
of audiences of science educators --
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ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื“ืขื™ื --
00:46
so that's science teachers -- and also of seven-year-olds,
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ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื“ืขื™ื -- ื•ื’ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข,
00:50
and I find that the seven-year-olds do marginally better
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”-7 ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:53
than the other audiences, which is somewhat surprising.
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ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืงืฆืช ืžืคืชื™ืข.
00:55
So the first question, and you might want to write this down,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”-- ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”,
00:58
either on a bit of paper, physically, or a virtual piece of paper
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ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ ืื• ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื›ื,
01:02
in your head. And, for viewers at home, you can try this as well.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื–ืืช.
01:05
A little seed weighs next to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right?
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ื–ืจืข ื–ืขื™ืจ ืœื ืฉื•ืงืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ืขืฅ ืฉื•ืงืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื›ืŸ?
01:10
I think we agree on that. Where does the tree get the stuff that makes up this chair,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ ื”ืขืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืŸ?
01:16
right? Where does all this stuff come from?
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ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”? (ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืช)
01:19
(Knocks)
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01:20
And your next question is, can you light a little torch-bulb
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ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ื™ื”: ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ื•ืจืช-ืคื ืก ืงื˜ื ื”
01:26
with a battery, a bulb and one piece of wire?
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื•ืœืœื”, ื ื•ืจื” ื•ืคื™ืกืช-ืชื™ืœ ืื—ืช?
01:31
And would you be able to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw
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ื•ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ--
ืื™ื ื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืืš ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ื–ืืช
01:33
the diagram, but would you be able to draw the diagram,
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01:35
if you had to do it? Or would you just say,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
ืื• ืฉืžื ืชื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™?
01:37
that's actually not possible?
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01:40
The third question is, why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ?
01:44
I think we can probably agree that it is hotter in summer than in winter,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืื›ืŸ ื—ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
01:49
but why? And finally, would you be able to --
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข?
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื•--
01:55
and you can sort of scribble it, if you like --
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ืืชื ืจืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืืช ื–ื”--
01:57
scribble a plan diagram of the solar system,
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ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:00
showing the shape of the planets' orbits?
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ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช?
ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
02:04
Would you be able to do that?
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02:05
And if you can, just scribble a pattern.
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ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืจื‘ื˜ื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
02:10
OK. Now, children get their ideas not from teachers,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื-- ืœื ืžื”ืžื•ืจื™ื,
02:16
as teachers often think, but actually from common sense,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“"ื›, ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจ,
02:19
from experience of the world around them,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
02:21
from all the things that go on between them and their peers,
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื,
02:25
and their carers, and their parents, and all of that. Experience.
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ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:30
And one of the great experts in this field, of course, was, bless him,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš ืฉืžื•,
02:35
Cardinal Wolsey. Be very careful what you get into people's heads
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ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื ืœ ื•ื•ืœืกื™: "ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
02:39
because it's virtually impossible to shift it afterwards, right?
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"ื›ื™ ืื—"ื› ืžืžืฉ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื–ืืช ืžืฉื."
02:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:45
I'm not quite sure how he died, actually.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืช.
02:47
Was he beheaded in the end, or hung?
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ืขืจืคื• ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืื• ืชืœื• ืื•ืชื•?
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:49
(Laughter)
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02:50
Now, those questions, which, of course, you've got right,
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ื•ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื ื™ืชื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:52
and you haven't been conferring, and so on.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
02:54
And I -- you know, normally, I would pick people out and humiliate,
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ื•ืื ื™-- ื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื,
02:57
but maybe not in this instance.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ืคืขื.
02:59
A little seed weighs a lot and, basically, all this stuff,
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ื–ืจืข ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืงืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:03
99 percent of this stuff, came out of the air.
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99 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:06
Now, I guarantee that about 85 percent of you, or maybe it's fewer at TED,
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉ-85% ืžื›ื, ื•ื‘-TED ืื•ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช,
03:10
will have said it comes out of the ground. And some people,
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ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:13
probably two of you, will come up and argue with me afterwards,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื, ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืื™ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”,
03:16
and say that actually, it comes out of the ground.
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ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืื“ืžื”.
03:18
Now, if that was true, we'd have trucks going round the country,
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:20
filling people's gardens in with soil, it'd be a fantastic business.
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ื•ืžืžืœืื•ืช ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ื•. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืกืง ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ.
03:23
But, actually, we don't do that.
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ืืš ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
03:25
The mass of this comes out of the air.
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ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:28
Now, I passed all my biology exams in Britain.
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ืื ื™ ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
03:32
I passed them really well, but I still came out of school
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
03:34
thinking that that stuff came out of the ground.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
03:37
Second one: can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire?
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ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ื•ืจืช-ืคื ืก ืขื ืกื•ืœืœื” ื•ืชื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“?
03:41
Yes, you can, and I'll show you in a second how to do that.
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ื›ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ, ื•ืžื™ื“ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš.
03:43
Now, I have some rather bad news,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™,
03:45
which is that I had a piece of video that I was about to show you,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืœื›ื,
03:48
which unfortunately -- the sound doesn't work in this room,
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ื•ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืœื ืœื ืคื•ืขืœืช,
03:51
so I'm going to describe to you, in true "Monty Python" fashion,
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ืื– ืืชืืจ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื ื•ืกื— 'ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ ืคื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ' ืืžื™ืชื™,
03:54
what happens in the video. And in the video, a group of researchers
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
03:59
go to MIT on graduation day.
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ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืงืก ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก.
04:01
We chose MIT because, obviously, that's a very long way away
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ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื“ ืžื›ืืŸ
04:04
from here, and you wouldn't mind too much,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืžืžื ื•,
04:06
but it sort of works the same way in Britain
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
04:09
and in the West Coast of the USA.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
04:11
And we asked them these questions, and we asked those questions
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ื•ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื”, ื•ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ
04:15
of science graduates, and they couldn't answer them.
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ื’ื ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:17
And so, there's a whole lot of people saying,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื,
04:19
"I'd be very surprised if you told me that this came out of the air.
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"ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืชืข ืžืื“ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
04:21
That's very surprising to me." And those are science graduates.
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"ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™." ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืžื’ืžืช ืžื“ืขื™ื.
04:25
And we intercut it with, "We are the premier science university in the world,"
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ื•ืื ื• ืงื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช "ืื ื• ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,"
04:28
because of British-like hubris.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
04:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:31
And when we gave graduate engineers that question,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”,
04:34
they said it couldn't be done.
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ื”ืŸ ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™.
04:36
And when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb,
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ื•ื›ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืกื•ืœืœื”, ืคื™ืกืช-ืชื™ืœ ื•ื ื•ืจื”,
04:40
and said, "Can you do it?" They couldn't do it. Right?
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ื•ืฉืืœื ื•, "ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?" ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•.
04:44
And that's no different from Imperial College in London, by the way,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื’' ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื’ื‘,
04:47
it's not some sort of anti-American thing going on.
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืงื˜ืข ืื ื˜ื™-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:51
As if. Now, the reason this matters is we pay lots and lots of money
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ
04:57
for teaching people -- we might as well get it right.
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ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:59
And there are also some societal reasons
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
05:01
why we might want people to understand what it is that's happening
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•
ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
05:05
in photosynthesis. For example, one half of the carbon equation
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05:08
is how much we emit, and the other half of the carbon equation,
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืื ื• ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื,
ื•ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ-
05:11
as I'm very conscious as a trustee of Kew,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืžืื“ ืœื ื•ืฉื, ื›ื ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ "ืงื™ื•",
05:13
is how much things soak up, and they soak up carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื”, ื•ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื ืกืคื’ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
05:18
That's what plants actually do for a living.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื.
05:21
And, for any Finnish people in the audience, this is a Finnish pun:
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื‘ืงื”ืœ, ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ื ื™,
05:24
we are, both literally and metaphorically, skating on thin ice
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ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš ื•ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ืžื•ื™, ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื— ื“ืง
05:29
if we don't understand that kind of thing.
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ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื”.
05:32
Now, here's how you do the battery and the bulb.
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ืื– ื›ื›ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื”.
05:34
It's so easy, isn't it? Of course, you all knew that.
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ืงืœ ืžืื“, ืœื? ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ื“ืขืชื ืืช ื–ื”.
05:38
But if you haven't played with a battery and a bulb,
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ืืš ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ืขื ืกื•ืœืœื” ื•ื ื•ืจื”,
05:40
if you've only seen a circuit diagram,
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ื•ืจืง ืจืื” ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
05:42
you might not be able to do that, and that's one of the problems.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
05:46
So, why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ?
05:48
We learn, as children, that you get closer to something that's hot,
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื• ืฉืื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื,
05:51
and it burns you. It's a very powerful bit of learning,
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื™ื”, ื•ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืจื‘ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
05:54
and it happens pretty early on.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœืžื“ื™.
05:56
By extension, we think to ourselves, "Why it's hotter in summer than in winter
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉืื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
05:59
must be because we're closer to the Sun."
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ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ.
06:02
I promise you that most of you will have got that.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืชื›ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืš.
06:04
Oh, you're all shaking your heads,
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ืื”, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื›ื,
06:05
but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly.
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ืืš ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช,
06:08
Other ones are kind of going like this. All right.
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ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื›ื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
06:10
It's hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the Sun
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื›ื™ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
06:13
are spread out more, right, because of the tilt of the Earth.
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ืžืชืคื–ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:17
And if you think the tilt is tilting us closer, no, it isn't.
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ื•ืื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžืงืจื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื– ืœื.
06:20
The Sun is 93 million miles away, and we're tilting like this, right?
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช 150 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ืž, ื•ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืš, ื›ืŸ?
06:24
It makes no odds. In fact, in the Northern Hemisphere,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืœื•ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
06:27
we're further from the Sun in summer,
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ืื ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ,
06:30
as it happens, but it makes no odds, the difference.
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ื›ืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
06:33
OK, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar system.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื›ืขืช ืœืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
06:36
If you believe, as most of you probably do,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื,
06:38
that it's hotter in summer than in winter because we're closer to the Sun,
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ืฉื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ,
06:40
you must have drawn an ellipse.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจืชื ืืœื™ืคืกื”.
06:42
Right? That would explain it, right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ืŸ?
06:44
Except, in your -- you're nodding -- now, in your ellipse,
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ืื‘ืœ-- ืืชื ืžื ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื›ื-- ื‘ืืœื™ืคืกื” ืฉืœื›ื,
06:48
have you thought, "Well, what happens during the night?"
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ื”ืื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื, "ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”?"
06:50
Between Australia and here, right, they've got summer
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืงื™ืฅ,
06:54
and we've got winter, and what --
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ื•ืืฆืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื•ืžื”--
06:57
does the Earth kind of rush towards the Sun at night,
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ื”ืื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื˜ืก ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
07:00
and then rush back again? I mean, it's a very strange thing going on,
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื˜ืก ื”ืœืื” ืžืžื ื”? ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืื“,
07:03
and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ 2 ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื,
07:07
and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields.
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ื•ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื.
07:11
So, here's Copernicus' view of what the solar system looked like as a plan.
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ื›ืš ืชื™ืืจ ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
07:16
That's pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper. Right?
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืœืžื” ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจืชื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:19
And this is NASA's view. They're stunningly similar.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื. ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื.
07:22
I hope you notice the coincidence here.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืฉื’ื—ืชื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื.
07:25
What would you do if you knew that people had this misconception,
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื• ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ื”ื–ื”,
07:29
right, in their heads, of elliptical orbits
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื™ื
07:32
caused by our experiences as children?
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื?
07:34
What sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system,
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืชืฆื™ื’ื• ืœืคื ื™ื”ื,
07:36
to show that it's not really like that?
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืš?
07:38
You'd show them something like this, wouldn't you?
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:40
It's a plan, looking down from above.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขืœ.
07:41
But, no, look what I found in the textbooks.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื• ืžื” ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“,
07:44
That's what you show people, right? These are from textbooks,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื–ื” ืœืงื•ื— ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“,
07:47
from websites, educational websites --
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ืžืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืืชืจื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
07:49
and almost anything you pick up is like that.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื”.
07:51
And the reason it's like that is because it's dead boring
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืš, ื›ื™ ื ื•ืจื ืžืฉืขืžื
07:53
to have a load of concentric circles,
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™-ืžืจื›ื–,
07:55
whereas that's much more exciting, to look at something at that angle,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช,
07:58
isn't it? Right? And by doing it at that angle,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื•ื›ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช,
08:01
if you've got that misconception in your head, then that
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื•ื˜ืขื”, ื•ื”ื•ื
08:03
two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional thing will be ellipses.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™.
08:08
So you've -- it's crap, isn't it really? As we say.
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ืื– ืืชื-- ืืœื” ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:12
So, these mental models -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models.
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืืฉืฉื• ืื•ืชื.
08:15
We do this, of course, with matters of race, and politics, and everything else,
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื–ืข, ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,
08:19
and we do it in science as well. So we look, just look --
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ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ืข. ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื--
08:21
and scientists do it, constantly -- we look for evidence
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ-- ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช
08:24
that reinforces our models, and some folks are just all too able
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ืฉื™ืืฉืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื
08:27
and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models.
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ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืืฉืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:30
So, being I'm in the United States, I'll have a dig at the Europeans.
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ืื– ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืืจื“ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
08:34
These are examples of what I would say is bad practice in science
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ืืœื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื”.
08:37
teaching centers. These pictures are from La Villette in France
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ืืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœื”-ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืฉื‘ืฆืจืคืช,
08:40
and the welcome wing of the Science Museum in London.
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ื•ืฉืœ ืื’ืฃ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
08:44
And, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:48
there's a lot of mediation by glass, and it's very blue, and kind of professional --
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืฆื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื›ื–ื”,
08:53
in that way that, you know, Woody Allen comes up
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ืฉื—ืกืจ ืจืง ื•ื•ื“ื™ ืืœืŸ
08:56
from under the sheets in that scene in "Annie Hall,"
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืกืฆื™ื ื” ืž"ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื ืื ื ื™",
08:58
and said, "God, that's so professional." And that you don't --
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ื•ื™ืืžืจ, "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™", ื•ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ --
09:01
there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right,
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ืœื”ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืฉ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
09:04
and, you know, pun intended. Whereas good interpretation --
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื”, ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” --
09:07
I'll use an example from nearby -- is San Francisco Exploratorium,
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ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืกืžื•ืš, "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื•,
09:11
where all the things that -- the demonstrations, and so on,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื -- ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
09:14
are made out of everyday objects that children can understand,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
09:17
it's very hands-on, and they can engage with, and experiment with.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ืข ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืžืฆืขื™, ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื•ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”.
09:20
And I know that if the graduates at MIT
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก
09:22
and in the Imperial College in London had had the battery and the wire
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื’' ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ื˜,
09:26
and the bit of stuff, and you know, been able to do it,
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ื”,
09:29
they would have learned how it actually works,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
09:32
rather than thinking that they follow circuit diagrams and can't do it.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืš.
09:36
So good interpretation is more about
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ื›ืš ืฉืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:38
things that are bodged and stuffed and of my world, right?
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
09:42
And things that -- where there isn't an extra barrier
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉ-- ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ
09:44
of a piece of glass or machined titanium,
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ืฉืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืื• ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ื•ื ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉ,
09:47
and it all looks fantastic, OK?
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ืŸ?
09:49
And the Exploratorium does that really, really well.
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ื•ื‘"ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช" ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“,
09:52
And it's amateur, but amateur in the best sense,
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:55
in other words, the root of the word being of love and passion.
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ื›ื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื "ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ื˜".
10:00
So, children are not empty vessels, OK?
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ืื– ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืœื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื, ื›ืŸ?
10:02
So, as "Monty Python" would have it,
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ืื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ "ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ ืคื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื• ืžื ืกื—ื™ื ื–ืืช,
10:04
this is a bit Lord Privy Seal to say so,
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"ืคืœืฆื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืชื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™",
10:06
but this is -- children are not empty vessels.
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ืืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืœื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื.
10:08
They come with their own ideas and their own theories,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื,
10:10
and unless you work with those, then you won't be able to shift them,
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ื•ืื ืœื ืชืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื, ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื,
10:14
right? And I probably haven't shifted your ideas
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ื›ืŸ? ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื›ื
10:16
of how the world and universe operates, either.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
10:19
But this applies, equally, to matters of trying to sell new technology.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”-ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
10:22
For example, we are, in Britain, we're trying to do a digital switchover
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ืื ื•-- ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
10:25
of the whole population into digital technology [for television].
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
10:27
And it's one of the difficult things
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื,
10:29
is that when people have preconceptions of how it all works,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื›ืœ ืคื•ืขืœ,
10:31
it's quite difficult to shift those.
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ืงืฉื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืชืŸ.
10:34
So we're not empty vessels; the mental models that we have
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืœื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื
10:38
as children persist into adulthood.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื.
10:40
Poor teaching actually does more harm than good.
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ื”ื•ืจืื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื–ืง ืžืืฉืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช.
10:42
In this country and in Britain, magnetism is understood better
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ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ืช
10:46
by children before they've been to school than afterwards, OK?
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืžืืฉืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”, ื›ืŸ?
10:49
Same for gravity, two concepts, so it's -- which is quite humbling,
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ื›ื "ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื. ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ืงืฆืช ืขื ื•ื•ื”,
10:53
as a, you know, if you're a teacher, and you look before and after,
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”'ืœืคื ื™' ื•ื”'ืื—ืจื™',
10:56
that's quite worrying. They do worse in tests afterwards, after the teaching.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ืื™ื’. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื•.
11:00
And we collude. We design tests,
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ื•ืื ื• "ืžืจืžื™ื" ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช,
11:02
or at least in Britain, so that people pass them. Right?
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ, ื›ืŸ?
11:05
And governments do very well. They pat themselves on the back.
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืจื•ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื.
11:08
OK? We collude, and actually if you --
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ื•ืื ื• "ืžืจืžื™ื", ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืœื•--
11:12
if someone had designed a test for me
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ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ
11:14
when I was doing my biology exams,
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ื›ืฉื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™,
11:16
to really understand, to see whether I'd understood
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืืžืช -- ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™
11:18
more than just kind of putting starch and iodine together
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืกืชื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื“,
11:20
and seeing it go blue,
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
11:22
and really understood that plants took their mass out of the air,
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ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
11:25
then I might have done better at science.
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ื›ื™ ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื.
11:30
So the most important thing is to get people to articulate their models.
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ืื– ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื ืกื—ื• ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:35
Your homework is -- you know, how does an aircraft's wing create lift?
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื -- ืื™ืš ื›ื ืฃ-ืžื˜ื•ืก ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื™ืœื•ื™?
11:40
An obvious question, and you'll have an answer now in your heads.
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ืฉืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื•ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื”,
11:44
And the second question to that then is,
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื,
11:47
ensure you've explained how it is that planes can fly upside down.
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ืชื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื’ื ืื™ืš ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ื”ืคื•ืš.
11:51
Ah ha, right. Second question is, why is the sea blue? All right?
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ืื”ื”, ื›ืŸ. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”: ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ? ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
11:55
And you've all got an idea in your head of the answer.
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ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
11:59
So, why is it blue on cloudy days? Ah, see.
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื ื™ื? ื”ื?
12:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:06
I've always wanted to say that in this country.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช.
12:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:10
Finally, my plea to you is to allow yourselves, and your children,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื™ ืžืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืฉืชืจืฉื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื
12:14
and anyone you know, to kind of fiddle with stuff,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืœื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
12:17
because it's by fiddling with things that you, you know,
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ื›ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
12:19
you complement your other learning. It's not a replacement,
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ืืชื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ,
12:21
it's just part of learning that's important.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
12:24
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
12:25
Now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.
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ืจื’ืข-- ื›ืŸ. ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื•. ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืขื ื–ื”.
12:28
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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