Would you pass the wallet test?

1,009,288 views ・ 2022-08-30

TED-Ed


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譯者: 麗玲 辛 審譯者: 柏陞 郭
00:10
Picture this: you’re working a slow shift in a hotel lobby
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想像一下:正值冷清的時段, 你恰好於酒店大廳值班,
00:14
when someone hurriedly approaches the front desk.
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有個人匆忙地走來櫃檯。
00:17
They found a lost wallet around the corner,
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他說在附近撿到一個遺失的錢包, 但他在趕時間,剛好沒辦法處理。
00:19
but they’re in a rush and don’t have time to follow up.
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00:23
They ask if you can handle it and then run off.
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於是他請你幫忙,然後就離開了。
00:26
Looking at the wallet you see it contains a key, a grocery list, about $13,
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你檢查時發現裡面有一支鑰匙、 一張購物清單以及 13 美元
00:32
and three business cards with a name and email
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還有三張寫有名字及電子郵件的名片。
00:35
you assume belong to the wallet’s owner.
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你猜測都是屬於錢包主人。
00:37
So, what do you do?
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接下來,你會怎麼做呢?
00:40
Between 2013 and 2016,
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在 2013 年 到 2016 年之間,
00:43
over 17,000 front-desk workers around the globe
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全球有超過 17000 位櫃台人員 面臨這樣的抉擇。
00:47
were faced with this choice,
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00:49
becoming unwitting participants in a massive study of honesty.
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殊不知他們參與一項 關於誠實的大型研究。
00:54
And the results surprised top economists and the researchers
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這項研究的結果驚艷了頂尖的經濟學家 及執行實驗的研究人員。
00:58
running the experiment.
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00:59
But to understand what these groups were expecting,
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在了解這些人原本預想的結果之前,
01:02
we need to spend a little time defining honesty.
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我們需要花一點時間來定義誠實。
01:07
We typically think of honesty in terms of actively telling the truth
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基本上我們認為誠實是 在人際交流時主動說出實情。
01:11
in our interpersonal relationships.
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01:14
But in fact, every healthy society relies on a shared foundation of honesty.
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事實上,每個健康的社會都建立在 共享的誠實基礎上。
01:21
Using public services, making business transactions,
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例如:使用公共設施、進行商業交易, 甚至是制定政府政䇿
01:24
and deciding government policies
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01:26
requires a baseline expectation of honesty from our fellow citizens.
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都來自公民對誠實有一定的期待。
01:32
Because of this, understanding what drives honesty
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因此,認識推動誠實背後的因子
01:35
is a vital research subject
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成為經濟學家、心理學家 以及社會學家們重要的研究主題。
01:37
for economists, psychologists, and sociologists.
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01:41
Unfortunately, honesty can be difficult to investigate
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不幸地是,誠實很難查證,
01:45
when people know they’re being watched.
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特別是人們知道自己被監視的時候。
01:47
So, researchers have come up with clever ways to analyze
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所以研究人員巧妙地想了些方法
以分析在實驗室之外人們的行為。
01:51
this behavior outside the lab.
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01:54
And this global study by the universities of Michigan, Utah, and Zurich
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這個由密西根、猶他以及蘇黎世等大學 進行的全球性研究
01:58
sought to answer an important question:
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試圖回答一個重要的問題:
02:01
will people engage in opportunistic behavior
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如果幾乎不可能被逮到,
02:04
when there’s little-to-no chance of being caught?
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人們會不會進行投機行為?
02:08
In what became known as the Lost Wallet Test,
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這個實驗被稱為「遺失錢包測試」,
02:11
13 research assistants traveled to 355 cities in 40 different countries,
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13 位研究助理前往 40 個國家裡、共 355 個城市,
02:18
recreating the same scenario in hotels, banks, public offices,
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在飯店、銀行、政府部門 還有各種文化機構
02:23
and various cultural establishments.
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重建相同的情境。
02:25
The clear wallets ensured participants could see their contents,
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參與者獲得看得到 內容物的透明錢包。
02:29
half of which contained a key, grocery list, and business cards,
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有一半的錢包裏面有鑰匙、 購物清單、名片;
02:33
while the other half also included the equivalent of roughly 13 US dollars.
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另一半的錢包裏還裝有 13 美元左右的現金。
02:38
The researchers believed the money would discourage honesty.
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研究人員相信有錢的皮包 會讓人不誠實。
02:42
Specifically, they thought participants’ self-interest would overpower
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明確來說,他們覺得參與者的 自利心理會壓過兩個競爭因素:
02:47
two competing factors:
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02:48
their altruistic desire not to harm the wallet’s owner,
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不損害錢包主人的利他衝動
02:52
and their desire to maintain a positive self-image.
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以及想要保持個人正面形象的慾望。
02:57
Regarding self-image, we generally like to think of ourselves as good and honest.
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說到個人形象,我們通常都自認 自己是個誠實的好人。
03:02
But studies have found people are often able to let themselves off the hook
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但研究發現人們常常會 放縱自己去偷點小錢。
03:07
for stealing small amounts of money.
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03:09
As for harming the wallet's owner,
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至於損害錢包主人這方面,
03:11
the victim of their crime would be abstract.
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這個罪行的受害者身分模糊,
03:15
They'd never met this person, and since the wallet had come from another location,
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他們沒踫過面,而且錢包是從 別的地方撿到,
03:19
it seemed unlikely they ever would.
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感覺他們也不可能會踫面。
03:21
For these reasons, researchers expected money-filled wallets
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基於這些理由,研究人員預期這些 裝錢的皮包比較不會被提報。
03:25
to be reported less often,
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03:27
and the 279 economists they surveyed agreed.
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而接受調查的 279 位 經濟學家也同意這個論點。
03:32
But to their surprise, the study found the exact opposite.
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但令他們很吃驚的是, 研究結果恰恰相反:
03:37
While only 46% of cash-free wallets were reported,
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沒裝錢的皮包只有 46% 被提報,
03:42
61% of cash wallets were called in.
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而裝錢的皮包有 61% 受到回報。
03:46
This pattern held true across the globe,
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這個模式全球皆然
03:48
regardless of the participants’ age, gender,
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不論參與者的年齡、性別,
03:51
or whether they were being observed during the wallet drop-off.
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或著在轉交錢包的過程, 他們是否有被監視。
03:55
And when researchers tried increasing the temptation to be dishonest
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研究人員試著將不實行為的誘惑提高
03:59
with wallets containing nearly $100,
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把錢包裡的錢增加到接近 100 美金。
04:02
the results surprised them again.
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結果再次令他們驚訝。
04:05
People reported 72% of these big money wallets.
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72% 的人提報了有大筆錢的錢包。
04:10
There are a lot of theories for why honesty goes up
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有好幾個理論可以來解釋 為什麼錢包價值增加,
04:13
as the wallet becomes more valuable.
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人們反而變得更誠實。
04:15
The $100 wallet certainly increases self-interest.
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100 元的錢包當然更有自利價值,
04:19
But in international follow-up surveys,
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但在後續的跨國調查裡,
04:22
people reported that taking larger sums of money felt more like theft,
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人們認為拿走大筆的錢財 比較像偷竊,
04:26
making it harder to maintain a positive self-image.
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因此較難維持正面的個人形象。
04:30
It’s also possible that when the financial stakes are higher,
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也有可能是因為財務利害關係較高,
04:34
so is the perceived harm to the wallet’s owner.
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因此感到對錢包主人的傷害也較大。
04:38
Others have suggested that our commitment to honesty could be altered
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也有研究人員指出,我們誠實的程度 可能因職業情境而有所改變。
04:41
in professional settings,
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04:43
meaning participants might have acted differently outside the office.
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這意謂著參與者在辦公室外 可能有不同的行為。
04:49
Still, this result suggests that self-interest
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這個結果仍然告訴我們: 自利心並不如我們想像地這麼強烈。
04:52
might not be as powerful as we often think.
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04:56
Seeing yourself as an honest person can motivate you to be an honest person.
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看待自己是個誠實的人會 促使你成為誠實的人。
05:01
And by modeling this behavior and celebrating it and others,
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而藉由展示誠實行為、 讚揚誠實的舉動及人,
05:05
we can help create an honest society we can all rely on.
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我們就可以創造足以信賴的誠實社會。

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