What do dumplings look like around the world?- Miranda Brown

807,530 views ・ 2022-06-21

TED-Ed


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翻译人员: Yan Li Xiao 校对人员: Yanyan Hong
00:07
As archaeologists pored over ancient tombs in Turfan in western China,
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当考古学家考察 位于中国西部吐鲁番的古墓时,
00:12
they discovered some surprisingly well-preserved and familiar relics.
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他们惊奇地发现了 许多保存完好、熟悉的文物。
00:17
Though hardened from over 1,000 years,
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虽然经过 1000 多年的淬炼,
00:19
there sat little crescent-shaped dumplings.
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但那里依然有着 一些小小的新月形水饺。
00:22
Exactly who invented dumplings remains a mystery.
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到底是谁发明了饺子 仍然是一个谜。
00:25
But some scholars suspect they were first spread
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但也有学者猜测, 它们最早是由生活在中国西部
00:27
around parts the ancient world by nomadic Turkic peoples
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以及中亚的游牧突厥民族在古时候
00:30
living in western China and Central Asia.
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将其传播至世界各地的。
00:33
This is thought to be the case because “manti,”
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之所以这样认为,是因为
00:36
meaning “dumpling” or “steamed bun” in many Turkic languages,
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在突厥系语言中 “manti” 的意思是 “饺子” 或者 “包子”,
00:39
appears to be the root word for dumpling in several other languages.
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然后它似乎在其他几种语言中 也作为饺子的词根。
00:44
Ancient Turkic people probably stuffed their dumplings with meat.
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古代突厥人可能是用肉馅包饺子,
00:47
But it’s unclear when this practice began,
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但目前尚不清楚这种做法 是从什么时候开始的,
00:50
or whether they learned the art of dumpling-making from others.
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或者他们是否从别人那 学会了包饺子这门艺术。
00:53
However this happened, dumplings certainly gathered steam in ancient China.
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然而无论如何,饺子肯定是在 中国古代开始获得了人气。
00:58
That’s where they first appear in the written record:
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饺子第一次由文字记载了下来:
01:01
more than 1,700 years ago,
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1700 多年前,
01:03
in a mouthwatering rhapsody by scholar Shu Xi.
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在文人束皙的一场 令人垂涎的狂想曲中,
01:07
In his poem, Shu alludes to certain cooking methods coming from alien lands.
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束皙在他的诗中提及了某些 来自异域的烹饪方法,
01:12
He describes a steamed wheat product as “mantou.”
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他描绘了一种用小麦蒸成的食物 名为 “馒头”。
01:16
And he reverentially chronicles the preparation of kneaded dough balls
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他虔诚地记录了
01:20
called “lao wan.”
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揉面团的制作过程,称作“烙丸”。
01:22
They’re packed with pork, mutton and aromatics,
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丸子里装满了猪肉、羊肉和香料,
01:25
dipped in black meat sauce, then quickly gobbled up,
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而后蘸一点黑肉酱,一口下肚,
01:28
leaving people downwind to drool and fantasy-feast.
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让人口水直流,好似梦之盛宴。
01:32
Dumplings continued to take off and diversify in China
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在接下来的一千年里, 饺子在中国不断发展,
01:35
over the next thousand years.
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01:37
Instead of the traditional meat filling,
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一些地区不再使用传统的肉馅, 而是开始包素馅饺子。
01:39
some communities opted for vegetarian dumplings.
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01:42
People developed new cooking methods.
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由于小麦在中国北方以外地区更难种植,
01:44
And because wheat was harder to cultivate outside of northern China,
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人们还发明了新的烹饪方法。
01:48
those in other regions began making dumplings
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其他地区的人开始用米饭、
01:50
using rice, tapioca, and sweet potato.
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木薯粉和红薯来制作水饺。
01:52
The relationship between Chinese dumplings and those in other areas
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中国不同地区的饺子与历史的联系
01:56
is tricky to trace,
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很难准确追溯,
01:58
but food historians have made their best guesses based on available clues.
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但是食品历史学家 根据现有的线索做了最可能的推测。
02:02
Turkic tribes spread and eventually established
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突厥部落分布 最终在公元 1300 年左右
02:05
the Ottoman Empire around 1300 CE,
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建立了奥斯曼帝国,
02:08
bringing wrapped morsels west with them.
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并将包裹好的食物带到了西方。
02:12
In what’s now Turkey, most people wouldn’t have stuffed dumplings with pork
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在现在的土耳其,大多数人 由于伊斯兰教的饮食限制,
02:16
due to Islamic restrictions.
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不会用猪肉包饺子。
02:18
Instead, manti would come to be filled with ingredients like lamb,
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而是由淋上大蒜、酸奶
02:22
drizzled with garlic, yogurt, and melted butter,
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和热黄油等配料的羊肉来做饺子馅,
02:24
then topped with herbs and spices.
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然后再撒上香草和香料。
02:27
Some scholars believe that the Mongol Empire also helped disseminate dumplings,
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有学者认为蒙古帝国 也帮助传播了饺子,
02:31
perhaps introducing them to parts of Eastern Europe.
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也许是他们将饺子带到东欧部分地区。
02:34
These dumplings could have come by way of China
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这些饺子可能来自中国,
02:36
or directly from some of the Turkic peoples the Mongols hired
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或直接来自蒙古人雇用来管理
02:40
to run their empire.
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其帝国的一些突厥人。
02:41
One theory is that this gave rise to dumplings like Russian pelmeni,
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有人认为这就是为何出现了 像是俄罗斯饺子,
02:45
and the larger pierogi and vareniki, eaten in Poland and Ukraine,
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还有更大的波兰饺子和乌克兰饺子,
02:49
stuffed with things like potato, cabbage, cheese, and cherries.
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主要食材是土豆、 卷心菜、奶酪和樱桃之类的东西。
02:52
The Mongol Empire also controlled Korea
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蒙古帝国也控制了朝鲜,
02:55
and might have likewise introduced dumplings there,
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并可能也在那里引入了饺子,
02:57
where “mandu” may be eaten with regional ingredients like kimchi.
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在那里 “mandu” 可以跟泡菜等地方食材同食。
03:02
Later, after Chinese dumpling varieties were introduced to more countries,
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后来,当品种多样的中国饺子 被介绍到更多国家之后,
03:06
English speakers began calling them dumplings.
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说英语的人开始叫称之为 “dumplings”(饺子)。
03:09
The term means “little lumps”
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这个词的意思是 “小肉块”,
03:11
and is thought to have been first used in 16th century England
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并且认为最早始于 16 世纪的英国,
03:14
to describe dough balls dropped in liquid.
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是被用来描述掉在液体中的面团球。
03:17
Like knödel and matzo balls, they would’ve had no filling.
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像德式土豆饺 (Knödel) 和脆饼面丸, 它们没有馅。
03:21
So, the word was actually confusingly imprecise,
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所以,这个词实际上是 令人困惑的不准确,
03:23
but it stuck, nonetheless.
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但它仍然被记住了。
03:26
When Japan occupied China during the Second World War,
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当日本在二战期间占领中国时,
03:29
Chinese “jiaozi” were brought to Japan,
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中国的 “饺子” 被带到了日本,
03:32
where they in turn became known as “gyoza” and were more typically pan-fried.
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在那里它们又被称为 “gyoza” 并且通常是被煎炸的。
03:38
So what about the fact that every region in Italy has its own variety
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那么在意大利的每个地区
03:42
of dumpling-like stuffed pasta?
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为什么都有自己各式各样的意大利饺呢?
03:44
Some historians think that Arab conquerors brought dumplings
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一些历史学家认为阿拉伯征服者 在 9 世纪和 11 世纪之间
03:48
when they reigned over Sicily between the 9th and 11th centuries.
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他们统治西西里的时候带来了饺子。
03:52
But the jury's still out.
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但并非所有人都认同此观点,
03:55
It’s unlikely that all dumpling-esque dishes came from the same root tradition.
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不太可能所有饺子式的 菜肴都是来自同一个传统根源。
04:00
In many cases, it may simply be that culinary visionaries
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在许多情况下,它可能只是 是来自不同文化的
04:03
from different cultures shared a similar revelation:
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烹饪家共享了相似的灵感:
04:07
that cooking fillings encased in dough would be delightful.
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把烹饪馅料包裹在面团中会很好吃。
04:11
Either way, we can appreciate these plump pockets of perfection—
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无论如何,我们都感谢 这些丰满的完美口袋——
04:15
and the tangled, mysterious historical web
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以及让饺子多样和神圣的
04:18
that’s made dumplings so diverse and divine.
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错综复杂的、神秘的历史网。
04:22
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