What do dumplings look like around the world?- Miranda Brown

931,204 views ใƒป 2022-06-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
As archaeologists pored over ancient tombs in Turfan in western China,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืกื™ืŸ,
00:12
they discovered some surprisingly well-preserved and familiar relics.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
00:17
Though hardened from over 1,000 years,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื• ืžืขืœ ืœ- 1,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:19
there sat little crescent-shaped dumplings.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื”ืจ.
00:22
Exactly who invented dumplings remains a mystery.
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ืžื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
00:25
But some scholars suspect they were first spread
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคืฆื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:27
around parts the ancient world by nomadic Turkic peoples
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื
00:30
living in western China and Central Asia.
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”.
00:33
This is thought to be the case because โ€œmanti,โ€
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ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”- โ€œืžืื ื˜ื™โ€œ,
00:36
meaning โ€œdumplingโ€ or โ€œsteamed bunโ€ in many Turkic languages,
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ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” โ€œื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืชโ€ ืื• โ€œืœื—ืžื ื™ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ื”โ€ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
00:39
appears to be the root word for dumpling in several other languages.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืœื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
00:44
Ancient Turkic people probably stuffed their dumplings with meat.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ื‘ืฉืจ.
00:47
But itโ€™s unclear when this practice began,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืชื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ,
00:50
or whether they learned the art of dumpling-making from others.
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ืื• ืื ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืช ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
00:53
However this happened, dumplings certainly gathered steam in ancient China.
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ืื™ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืชืขืฆื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
00:58
Thatโ€™s where they first appear in the written record:
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ืฉื ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื•ื‘:
01:01
more than 1,700 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1,700 ืฉื ื”,
01:03
in a mouthwatering rhapsody by scholar Shu Xi.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืฉื• ืฉื™.
01:07
In his poem, Shu alludes to certain cooking methods coming from alien lands.
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ื‘ืคื•ืืžื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื• ืจื•ืžื– ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช.
01:12
He describes a steamed wheat product as โ€œmantou.โ€
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“ื” ื› โ€œืžืื ื˜ื•โ€.
01:16
And he reverentially chronicles the preparation of kneaded dough balls
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ื•ืžืชืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืืช ื”ื›ื ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฆืง ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœื™ืฉื”
01:20
called โ€œlao wan.โ€
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื โ€œืœืื• ื•ื•ืืŸโ€œ.
01:22
Theyโ€™re packed with pork, mutton and aromatics,
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ื”ื ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ื‘ืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืฉ ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ,
01:25
dipped in black meat sauce, then quickly gobbled up,
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ื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื•ื ื˜ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:28
leaving people downwind to drool and fantasy-feast.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื•ื— ืœื”ื–ื™ืœ ืจื™ืจ ื•ืœืคื ื˜ื– ืžืฉืชื”.
01:32
Dumplings continued to take off and diversify in China
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ื”ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
01:35
over the next thousand years.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
01:37
Instead of the traditional meat filling,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™,
01:39
some communities opted for vegetarian dumplings.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:42
People developed new cooking methods.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:44
And because wheat was harder to cultivate outside of northern China,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ,
01:48
those in other regions began making dumplings
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ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช
01:50
using rice, tapioca, and sweet potato.
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ืžืื•ืจื–, ื˜ืคื™ื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื˜ื”.
01:52
The relationship between Chinese dumplings and those in other areas
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ืื—ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:56
is tricky to trace,
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช,
01:58
but food historians have made their best guesses based on available clues.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื—ืฉื• ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืจืžื–ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื.
02:02
Turkic tribes spread and eventually established
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ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืงืžื”
02:05
the Ottoman Empire around 1300 CE,
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1300 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:08
bringing wrapped morsels west with them.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ืชื” ืžื ื•ืช ืขื˜ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื”.
02:12
In whatโ€™s now Turkey, most people wouldnโ€™t have stuffed dumplings with pork
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ื–ื™ืจ
02:16
due to Islamic restrictions.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช.
02:18
Instead, manti would come to be filled with ingredients like lamb,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืœื ืขื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ืฉ,
02:22
drizzled with garlic, yogurt, and melted butter,
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ืžื•ื–ืœืฃ ื‘ืฉื•ื, ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜, ื•ื—ืžืื” ืžื•ืžืกืช,
02:24
then topped with herbs and spices.
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ื•ืื– ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืขืฉื‘ื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื.
02:27
Some scholars believe that the Mongol Empire also helped disseminate dumplings,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื’ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช,
02:31
perhaps introducing them to parts of Eastern Europe.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
02:34
These dumplings could have come by way of China
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ื”ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืŸ
02:36
or directly from some of the Turkic peoples the Mongols hired
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ืื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืจื•
02:40
to run their empire.
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:41
One theory is that this gave rise to dumplings like Russian pelmeni,
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืœืžื ื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™,
02:45
and the larger pierogi and vareniki, eaten in Poland and Ukraine,
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื’โ€™ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื•ืจื ื™ืงื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื ืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”,
02:49
stuffed with things like potato, cabbage, cheese, and cherries.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”, ื›ืจื•ื‘, ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื•ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ื.
02:52
The Mongol Empire also controlled Korea
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื˜ื” ื’ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
02:55
and might have likewise introduced dumplings there,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืœืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช,
02:57
where โ€œmanduโ€ may be eaten with regional ingredients like kimchi.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ โ€œืžืื ื“ื•โ€œ. ืขื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืžืฆโ€™ื™.
03:02
Later, after Chinese dumpling varieties were introduced to more countries,
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื ื™ ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
03:06
English speakers began calling them dumplings.
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื”ืŸ โ€œื“ืืžืคืœื™ื ื’ืกโ€
03:09
The term means โ€œlittle lumpsโ€
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื•ื โ€œื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ืโ€
03:11
and is thought to have been first used in 16th century England
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16
03:14
to describe dough balls dropped in liquid.
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ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฆืง ืฉื”ื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ.
03:17
Like knรถdel and matzo balls, they wouldโ€™ve had no filling.
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ื›ืžื• ืงื ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืžืฆื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื•ื™.
03:21
So, the word was actually confusingly imprecise,
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ืื–, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ,
03:23
but it stuck, nonetheless.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื ืชืงืขื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช.
03:26
When Japan occupied China during the Second World War,
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ื›ืฉื™ืคืŸ ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
03:29
Chinese โ€œjiaoziโ€ were brought to Japan,
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ื”โ€œื’โ€™ื™ืื•ื–ื™โ€ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื™ืคืŸ,
03:32
where they in turn became known as โ€œgyozaโ€ and were more typically pan-fried.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื ื•ื“ืขื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื ื‘ืฉื โ€œื’ื™ื•ื–ื”โ€ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืช.
03:38
So what about the fact that every region in Italy has its own variety
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ืื– ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื•
03:42
of dumpling-like stuffed pasta?
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ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื” ืžืžื•ืœืื” ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช?
03:44
Some historians think that Arab conquerors brought dumplings
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช
03:48
when they reigned over Sicily between the 9th and 11th centuries.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-9 ืœืžืื” ื”-11.
03:52
But the jury's still out.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜.
03:55
Itโ€™s unlikely that all dumpling-esque dishes came from the same root tradition.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืคืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื•ืชื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ.
04:00
In many cases, it may simply be that culinary visionaries
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ื™ื
04:03
from different cultures shared a similar revelation:
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ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืคื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ื•ืžื”:
04:07
that cooking fillings encased in dough would be delightful.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžืœื™ืช ืขื˜ื•ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืฆืง ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืขื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื’.
04:11
Either way, we can appreciate these plump pockets of perfectionโ€”
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ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” -
04:15
and the tangled, mysterious historical web
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ื•ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช
04:18
thatโ€™s made dumplings so diverse and divine.
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ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•ืช.
04:22
This video was made possible with support from Marriott Hotels.
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ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืขื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื™ื•ื˜.
ืขื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-590 ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืชืจื™ ื ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:26
With over 590 hotels and resorts across the globe,
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ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื™ื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ.
04:29
Marriott Hotels celebrates the curiosity that propels us to travel.
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ื‘ื“ืงื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉ TED-Ed ื•ืžืจื™ื•ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
04:33
Check out some of the exciting ways TED-Ed and Marriott are working together
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ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื™ื•ื˜.
04:36
and book your next journey at Marriott Hotels.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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