The biggest mistakes in mapmaking history - Kayla Wolf

769,131 views ・ 2022-05-10

TED-Ed


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翻译人员: Siyu Lian 校对人员: Thomas Tam
00:06
On a tiny copper globe created in the early 1500s,
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在1500年代初制作的小型 铜制地球仪上,
00:11
the coast of Southeast Asia is marked with a message
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东南亚的海岸线上被标上了
00:14
that has since become iconic:
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后来成为标志性的一条信息:
00:16
Here be dragons.
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巨龙出没。
00:20
Though the words themselves were actually quite rare,
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虽然这些字本身并不多见,
00:23
the sentiment was common among medieval European mapmakers,
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但这种情结在中世纪的欧洲 地图绘制者中是常见的。
00:27
who often scrawled dragons and sea monsters over terra incognita—
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他们经常在地图空白的未知土地上
00:31
blank spots on the map.
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涂鸦龙和海怪。
00:33
For thousands of years, people all over the world had made both functional maps—
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数千年来,世界各地的人们 制作出了实用性的地图,
00:38
showing trade routes, settlements, topography, water sources,
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显示贸易路线、定居点、地貌、 水源、海岸线的形状和书面指示。
00:41
the shapes of coastlines, or written directions—
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00:44
and what are known as cosmographies,
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以及所谓的宇宙图,
00:46
illustrating the Earth and its position in the cosmos,
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显示地球和它在宇宙中的位置,
00:50
often including constellations, gods, and mythic locations.
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通常包括星座、 神灵和神话中的地点。
00:55
From the Middle Ages through the mid-17th century,
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从中古世纪到17世纪中期,
00:58
cartographers in Eurasia and North Africa produced a slew of new world maps
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欧亚和北非的制图者们 制作了大量具有这两种
01:02
with features from both these traditions.
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传统特征的新世界地图。
制图者通常是受统治者 或者其他有权利的人委托的。
01:05
Often commissioned by rulers and other powerful people,
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01:08
these maps were meant to depict the world’s geography,
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这些地图是为了描绘世界地理,
01:11
but not necessarily to be useful for navigation.
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对航行不一定有帮助。
01:15
And given their maker’s incomplete knowledge of the world,
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由于制图者对世界不完整的认知,
01:18
they were really hypotheses—
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绘制的地图其实是假设性的,
01:20
some of which have been glaringly disproven.
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其中的一些地图 已经被明显地否定了。
01:25
In medieval Europe, the new vogue began with what were known as mappae mundi.
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在中世纪的欧洲, 新的时尚始于赫里福德世界地图。
01:30
Many of these veered closer to cosmographies,
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许多的这类地图更接近于宇宙图,
01:33
featuring the Garden of Eden or mythical dragons.
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以伊甸园或神话中的龙为主题。
01:38
They all followed the same format,
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它们都遵循了同样的格式,
01:40
showing the world's land as one mass divided roughly into the shape of a T
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将世界陆地作为一个整体, 大致分为T字形,
01:44
and surrounded by a ring of ocean.
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被一圈海洋包围。
01:47
Islamic mapmakers also created world maps in this format,
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伊斯兰地图绘制者也制作了 同样格式的世界地图,
01:51
emphasizing geographic details over fantastical elements.
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强调了地理细节而非幻想元素。
01:56
One of the earliest and most accurate such maps was created by Ibn Hawqal,
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伊本·哈克尔是最早和准确 制作出这种地图的人之一。
02:01
whose own travels informed his mapmaking.
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他的出行为他的地图制作 提供了素材。
02:05
In 1154, the King of Sicily commissioned Islamic mapmaker Al-Idrisi
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在1154年, 西西里岛国王委托了
伊斯兰地图绘制者伊德里西
02:10
to create the “Tabula Rogeriana,”
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去绘制《鲁杰罗之书》。
02:12
also known as “A Guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands.”
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又称《渴望周游世界者的娱乐》。
02:17
This book of maps included a world map based on Idrisi’s own travel
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这本书包括了基于伊德里西 自己出行的世界地图,
02:22
and interviews with other traders and travelers.
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还有与其他贸易商 和旅行者的对话。
02:25
He correctly depicted the world as a flattened sphere,
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他正确地将世界描绘成 一个扁平的球体,
02:28
but thought Europe, Asia, and North Africa wrapped all the way around it.
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但认为欧洲、亚洲和北非 一直包裹着它。
02:33
The “Da Ming Hunyi Tu” was created in China in 1389
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《大明混一图 》 制作于1389年的中国,
02:37
on a piece of silk big enough to fill an entire room.
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在一片足够填满 整个房间的丝绸上。
02:41
Though the mapmakers had never been to Africa,
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虽然地图绘制者没有去过非洲,
02:44
they attempted to depict the continent
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但他们尝试根据 去过那里的贸易商的叙述
02:46
based on the accounts of the traders who’d been there.
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来绘制出非洲大陆。
02:49
Surprisingly, this gave them enough information to create
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令人惊喜的是这提供了 足够多信息去绘制
02:52
a correctly shaped portrayal of sub-Saharan Africa.
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正确的撒哈拉以南非洲的地形。
02:56
Beginning in the 15th century, European cartographers began to expand
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16世纪的早期, 在欧洲探险家走遍世界的同时,
03:00
the scope of their world maps as their explorers traveled the world—
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欧洲的制图者开始扩展 他们世界地图的范围。
03:04
but not without missteps.
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不过,并非没有失误。
03:07
In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemuller mapped the Americas—
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在1507年,德国制图者
马丁·瓦尔德塞穆勒
03:12
as a thin sliver of land where the east coast would be.
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绘制美洲为东海岸的一片薄薄的土地。
03:16
Spanish cartographers took a stab at the western side of the Americas
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根据一次远征巴哈半岛的记录,
03:19
based on accounts from an expedition to the Baja Peninsula.
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西班牙制图者尝试绘制出 美洲的西侧。
03:23
Unfortunately, the explorers’ impressions of the land led them astray:
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不幸的是,探险家 对这片土地的印象
使他们误入歧途。
03:28
for over 100 years after, Spanish maps depicted the “Island of California”
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之后的100多年里, 西班牙地图描绘了
03:34
detached from the rest of the continent.
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与大陆的其他部分 分离的“加利福尼亚岛”
03:36
The Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator,
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佛兰德制图师杰拉德·墨卡托
03:40
best known for his world map,
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以绘制世界地图而闻名,
03:41
also created a map of the never-before-seen North Pole
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同时绘制了一幅 从未见过的北极地图,
03:45
that was published in 1595.
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并于1595年出版。
03:48
Mercator speculated that the North Pole prominently featured
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墨卡托推测北极的显着特征 是“黑卢比”,
03:51
the “Rupes Nigra,” a giant magnetic rock surrounded by a whirlpool
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一块被漩涡所包围的巨大磁岩。
03:56
that explained why all compasses point north.
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它解释了为什么 所有的指南针都指向北方。
03:59
Even as Europeans built towards a complete picture of the Earth,
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在欧洲人建立一个 对地球的完整认识的时候,
04:03
they didn’t entirely let go of the idea of blank spots filled with mythic beasts.
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他们并没有完全放弃 用神话中的野兽填补空白的想法。
04:09
As late as 1657, English scholar Peter Heylin lumped Australia together
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晚至1657年,
英国学者彼得·海林
04:14
with Utopia and Fairyland.
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将澳大利亚 与乌托邦和仙境混为一谈。
04:17
But with the exception of the North Pole,
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除了北极地区之外,
04:20
these so-called terra incognita weren’t really unknown—
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这些没有被发现的土地 并不是未知的,
04:24
at least not to the people who lived there.
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至少对住在那里的人们来说。
04:27
There weren’t really dragons anywhere on Earth,
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地球上并没有这些神话中的野兽,
04:30
but there were people and cultures—
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但有的是原住民和文化——
04:32
many of them eradicated by those who put their lands on world maps.
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大部分被绘制地图的人刪除了。
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