The biggest mistakes in mapmaking history - Kayla Wolf

992,886 views ใƒป 2022-05-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
On a tiny copper globe created in the early 1500s,
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ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-16,
00:11
the coast of Southeast Asia is marked with a message
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ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืกืจ
00:14
that has since become iconic:
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ืฉืžืื– ื”ืคืš ืœืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™:
00:16
Here be dragons.
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ืคื” ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื.
00:20
Though the words themselves were actually quite rare,
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:23
the sentiment was common among medieval European mapmakers,
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ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืคื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
00:27
who often scrawled dragons and sea monsters over terra incognitaโ€”
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืจื• ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช --
00:31
blank spots on the map.
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ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”.
00:33
For thousands of years, people all over the world had made both functional mapsโ€”
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ื ืžืคื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช --
00:38
showing trade routes, settlements, topography, water sources,
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ืฉื”ืจืื• ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืกื—ืจ, ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื,
00:41
the shapes of coastlines, or written directionsโ€”
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ืื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช --
00:44
and what are known as cosmographies,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืงื•ืกืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช,
00:46
illustrating the Earth and its position in the cosmos,
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ืฉืžืชืืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก,
00:50
often including constellations, gods, and mythic locations.
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ื•ื›ืœืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืืœื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
00:55
From the Middle Ages through the mid-17th century,
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ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-17,
00:58
cartographers in Eurasia and North Africa produced a slew of new world maps
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ืงืจื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืžืืจื•ืืกื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
01:02
with features from both these traditions.
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ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:05
Often commissioned by rulers and other powerful people,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:08
these maps were meant to depict the worldโ€™s geography,
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ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:11
but not necessarily to be useful for navigation.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜.
01:15
And given their makerโ€™s incomplete knowledge of the world,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืกืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:18
they were really hypothesesโ€”
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช --
01:20
some of which have been glaringly disproven.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืจื›ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:25
In medieval Europe, the new vogue began with what were known as mappae mundi.
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืขื ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžืคื” ืžื•ื ื“ื™.
01:30
Many of these veered closer to cosmographies,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืœื” ื“ืžื• ืœืงื•ืกืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช,
01:33
featuring the Garden of Eden or mythical dragons.
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ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืื• ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
01:38
They all followed the same format,
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื–ื”ื”,
01:40
showing the world's land as one mass divided roughly into the shape of a T
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžืกื” ืื—ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ T
01:44
and surrounded by a ring of ocean.
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ื•ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:47
Islamic mapmakers also created world maps in this format,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืคื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ื ืžืคื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื–ื”,
01:51
emphasizing geographic details over fantastical elements.
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ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
01:56
One of the earliest and most accurate such maps was created by Ibn Hawqal,
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ืื—ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ืขื“ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืœ,
02:01
whose own travels informed his mapmaking.
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ืฉืžืกืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:05
In 1154, the King of Sicily commissioned Islamic mapmaker Al-Idrisi
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ื‘-1154, ืžืœืš ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื” ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืืœ ืื™ื“ืจื™ืกื™
02:10
to create the โ€œTabula Rogeriana,โ€
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื” โ€œื˜ืื‘ื•ืœื” ืจื•ื’โ€™ืจื™ืื ื”โ€,
02:12
also known as โ€œA Guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands.โ€
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื›โ€œืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืžืกืข ื ืขื™ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืชโ€.
02:17
This book of maps included a world map based on Idrisiโ€™s own travel
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ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืžืคืช ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ืจื™ืกื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•
02:22
and interviews with other traders and travelers.
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ื•ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:25
He correctly depicted the world as a flattened sphere,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืกืคืจื” ืžืฉื•ื˜ื—ืช,
02:28
but thought Europe, Asia, and North Africa wrapped all the way around it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืกื™ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืขื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
02:33
The โ€œDa Ming Hunyi Tuโ€ was created in China in 1389
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ื”โ€œื“ื” ืžื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ ื˜ื•โ€ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื‘-1389
02:37
on a piece of silk big enough to fill an entire room.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ืžืฉื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืžืœื ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื.
02:41
Though the mapmakers had never been to Africa,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžืคื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
02:44
they attempted to depict the continent
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช
02:46
based on the accounts of the traders whoโ€™d been there.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืขื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื.
02:49
Surprisingly, this gave them enough information to create
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
02:52
a correctly shaped portrayal of sub-Saharan Africa.
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ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื”.
02:56
Beginning in the 15th century, European cartographers began to expand
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-15, ืงืจื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘
03:00
the scope of their world maps as their explorers traveled the worldโ€”
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ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืฉืžื’ืœื™ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืกื™ื™ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
03:04
but not without missteps.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช.
03:07
In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemuller mapped the Americasโ€”
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ื‘-1507, ื”ืงืจื˜ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืœื“ืกื™ืžื•ืœืจ ืžื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช --
03:12
as a thin sliver of land where the east coast would be.
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ื›ืคื™ืกื” ื“ืงื” ื•ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
03:16
Spanish cartographers took a stab at the western side of the Americas
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ืงืจื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช
03:19
based on accounts from an expedition to the Baja Peninsula.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœื—ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื‘ืื—ื”.
03:23
Unfortunately, the explorersโ€™ impressions of the land led them astray:
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ืœืœ:
03:28
for over 100 years after, Spanish maps depicted the โ€œIsland of Californiaโ€
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 100 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ืืช โ€œื”ืื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”โ€
03:34
detached from the rest of the continent.
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ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
03:36
The Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator,
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ื”ืงืจื˜ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืคืœืžื™ ื’ืจืจื“ื•ืก ืžืจืงื˜ื•ืจ,
03:40
best known for his world map,
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ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื•,
03:41
also created a map of the never-before-seen North Pole
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ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืœื
03:45
that was published in 1595.
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ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘-1595.
03:48
Mercator speculated that the North Pole prominently featured
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ืžืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
03:51
the โ€œRupes Nigra,โ€ a giant magnetic rock surrounded by a whirlpool
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ื”ื•ื ื”โ€œืจื•ืคืก ื ื™ื’ืจื”,โ€ ืกืœืข ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืฆื•ื ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช
03:56
that explained why all compasses point north.
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ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆืคื ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
03:59
Even as Europeans built towards a complete picture of the Earth,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:03
they didnโ€™t entirely let go of the idea of blank spots filled with mythic beasts.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืจืคื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:09
As late as 1657, English scholar Peter Heylin lumped Australia together
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1657, ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืคื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืฅ ืืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”
04:14
with Utopia and Fairyland.
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ืขื ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื™ื•ืช.
04:17
But with the exception of the North Pole,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
04:20
these so-called terra incognita werenโ€™t really unknownโ€”
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื˜ืจื” ืื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช --
04:24
at least not to the people who lived there.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืฉื.
04:27
There werenโ€™t really dragons anywhere on Earth,
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:30
but there were people and culturesโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช --
04:32
many of them eradicated by those who put their lands on world maps.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื• ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืžืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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