The biggest mistakes in mapmaking history - Kayla Wolf

769,131 views ใƒป 2022-05-10

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Alvin Choi ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:06
On a tiny copper globe created in the early 1500s,
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1500๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ณธ์—๋Š”
00:11
the coast of Southeast Asia is marked with a message
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๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํ•ด์•ˆ์— ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์จ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
that has since become iconic:
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์ดํ›„๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์ƒ์ง•์ด ๋œ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
Here be dragons.
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โ€˜์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์šฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค!โ€™
00:20
Though the words themselves were actually quite rare,
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๋น„๋ก ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜
00:23
the sentiment was common among medieval European mapmakers,
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์ค‘์„ธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€๋„ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ •์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:27
who often scrawled dragons and sea monsters over terra incognitaโ€”
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ โ€˜๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋•…โ€™์— ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๊ดด๋ฌผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
blank spots on the map.
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โ€˜๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋•…โ€™์€ ์ง€๋„์˜ ๋นˆ์นธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:33
For thousands of years, people all over the world had made both functional mapsโ€”
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ, ์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
showing trade routes, settlements, topography, water sources,
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ง€๋„๋Š” ๋ฌด์—ญ๋กœ, ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€, ์ง€ํ˜•๋„, ์ˆ˜์›์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ 
00:41
the shapes of coastlines, or written directionsโ€”
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ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
and what are known as cosmographies,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒœ์ฒด๋„๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€
00:46
illustrating the Earth and its position in the cosmos,
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์—์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
often including constellations, gods, and mythic locations.
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๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ, ์‹ ๊ณผ ์‹ ํ™”์ ์ธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜์ฃ .
00:55
From the Middle Ages through the mid-17th century,
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์ค‘์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—ฝ๊นŒ์ง€,
00:58
cartographers in Eurasia and North Africa produced a slew of new world maps
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์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„์™€ ๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ง€๋„ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋Š”
์–‘์ชฝ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
with features from both these traditions.
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์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:05
Often commissioned by rulers and other powerful people,
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01:08
these maps were meant to depict the worldโ€™s geography,
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์ด ์ง€๋„๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ง€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
but not necessarily to be useful for navigation.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญํ•ด์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
And given their makerโ€™s incomplete knowledge of the world,
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์ œ์ž‘์ž์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ ์ง€์‹์ด ์™„์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ
01:18
they were really hypothesesโ€”
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์ง€๋„๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๊ฐ€์„ค์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:20
some of which have been glaringly disproven.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
In medieval Europe, the new vogue began with what were known as mappae mundi.
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์ค‘์„ธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” โ€˜๋งˆํŒŒ ๋ฌธ๋””โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
Many of these veered closer to cosmographies,
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์ด ์ง€๋„๋“ค์€ ์ฒœ์ฒด๋„์™€ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
01:33
featuring the Garden of Eden or mythical dragons.
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์—๋ด ๋™์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ํ™” ์† ์šฉ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
They all followed the same format,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
showing the world's land as one mass divided roughly into the shape of a T
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์œก์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต T์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๊ณ 
01:44
and surrounded by a ring of ocean.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:47
Islamic mapmakers also created world maps in this format,
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์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ์ง€๋„ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:51
emphasizing geographic details over fantastical elements.
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ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
One of the earliest and most accurate such maps was created by Ibn Hawqal,
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์ด๋ฐ˜ ํ•˜ํ€„์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:01
whose own travels informed his mapmaking.
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์ง์ ‘ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ป์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
In 1154, the King of Sicily commissioned Islamic mapmaker Al-Idrisi
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1154๋…„, ์‹œ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์™•์€ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ์ง€๋„ ์ œ์ž‘์ž ์•Œ ์ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ผœ
02:10
to create the โ€œTabula Rogeriana,โ€
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โ€™ํƒ€๋ทธ๋ผ ๋กœ์ œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜โ€ฒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
also known as โ€œA Guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands.โ€
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ โ€™๋จธ๋‚˜๋จผ ๋•…์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ์—ฌํ–‰ ์•ˆ๋‚ดโ€™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
This book of maps included a world map based on Idrisiโ€™s own travel
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์ด ์ง€๋„์ฑ…์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ
02:22
and interviews with other traders and travelers.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค, ์—ฌํ–‰์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
He correctly depicted the world as a flattened sphere,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜,
02:28
but thought Europe, Asia, and North Africa wrapped all the way around it.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ถ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
The โ€œDa Ming Hunyi Tuโ€ was created in China in 1389
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1389๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ช…ํ˜ผ์ผ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:37
on a piece of silk big enough to fill an entire room.
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๋ฐฉ ํ•œ ์นธ์„ ๋‹ค ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ ๋„ ๋‚จ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
Though the mapmakers had never been to Africa,
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์ง€๋„ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๊ฐ„ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:44
they attempted to depict the continent
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๋‹ค๋…€์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
based on the accounts of the traders whoโ€™d been there.
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02:49
Surprisingly, this gave them enough information to create
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ง€๋„ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
02:52
a correctly shaped portrayal of sub-Saharan Africa.
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์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์ด๋‚จ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
Beginning in the 15th century, European cartographers began to expand
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15์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
03:00
the scope of their world maps as their explorers traveled the worldโ€”
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ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒํ—˜ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๋„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ์  ํ™•์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:04
but not without missteps.
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์ฐฉ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemuller mapped the Americasโ€”
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1507๋…„, ๋…์ผ ์ง€๋„์ œ์ž‘์ž ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ด ๋ฐœํŠธ์ œ๋ฎฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š”
๋ถ๋ฏธ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธธ์ญ‰ํ•œ ์„ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
as a thin sliver of land where the east coast would be.
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03:16
Spanish cartographers took a stab at the western side of the Americas
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ง€๋„์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„œ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:19
based on accounts from an expedition to the Baja Peninsula.
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๋ฐ”ํ•˜ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ฐ˜๋„ ํƒํ—˜์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Unfortunately, the explorersโ€™ impressions of the land led them astray:
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์ด ๋•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ฒซ์ธ์ƒ์ด ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
for over 100 years after, Spanish maps depicted the โ€œIsland of Californiaโ€
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๊ทธ ํ›„ 100๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ,
์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ง€๋„๋“ค์€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ฅผ ์„ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
detached from the rest of the continent.
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๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
03:36
The Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator,
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ํ”Œ๋ž‘๋“œ๋ฅด ์ถœ์‹  ์ง€๋„ํ•™์ž, ํ—ค๋ฅดํ•˜๋ฅด๋’ค์Šค ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์นดํ† ๋ฅด๋Š”
03:40
best known for his world map,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ง€๋„๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:41
also created a map of the never-before-seen North Pole
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ โ€™์—ฌ์ง€๊ป ๋ณธ ์  ์—†๋Š”โ€ฒ ๋ถ๊ทน์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ
03:45
that was published in 1595.
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1595๋…„์— ํŽด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
Mercator speculated that the North Pole prominently featured
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๋ฉ”๋ฅด์นดํ† ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ถ๊ทน์ด โ€˜๋ฃจํŽ˜์Šค ๋‹ˆ๊ทธ๋ผโ€™๋ผ๋Š”
03:51
the โ€œRupes Nigra,โ€ a giant magnetic rock surrounded by a whirlpool
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์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ ์ž์„ฑ ์•”์„์ด๋ผ์„œ
03:56
that explained why all compasses point north.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚˜์นจ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋ถ์ชฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Even as Europeans built towards a complete picture of the Earth,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
04:03
they didnโ€™t entirely let go of the idea of blank spots filled with mythic beasts.
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์‹ ํ™”์  ๊ดด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
As late as 1657, English scholar Peter Heylin lumped Australia together
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1657๋…„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋„
์˜๊ตญ ํ•™์ž์ธ ํ”ผํ„ฐ ํ—ค์ผ๋ฆฐ์€
์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋‚™์›๊ณผ ํ™˜์ƒ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
with Utopia and Fairyland.
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04:17
But with the exception of the North Pole,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ๊ทน์ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”
04:20
these so-called terra incognita werenโ€™t really unknownโ€”
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์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” โ€˜๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„โ€™๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
at least not to the people who lived there.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”์š”.
04:27
There werenโ€™t really dragons anywhere on Earth,
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์–ด๋””์—๋„ ์ง„์งœ ์šฉ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:30
but there were people and culturesโ€”
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
many of them eradicated by those who put their lands on world maps.
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์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ง€๋„์— ๊ทธ ๋•…์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์ฃ .
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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