The power of the placebo effect - Emma Bryce

Translator: Aziza Pulatova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

In 1996, 56 volunteers took part in a study

1996-yilda 56 nafar ko'ngillilar Trayverikin nomli yangi og'riq

to test a new painkiller called Trivaricaine.

qoldiruvchi vositani sinash uchun o'tkazilgan tadqiqotda qatnashdi.

On each subject, one index finger was covered in the new painkiller

Ishtirokchilarning bir ko'rsatkich barmog'iga sinovdagi yangi og'riqni

while the other remained untouched.

bosuvchi vosita surilgan, ikkinchisiga teginilmagan.

Then, both were squeezed in painful clamps.

Keyin ikkala barmoq ham og'riqli qisqichlar orasiga solingan.

The subjects reported that the treated finger hurt less than the untreated one.

Ishtirokchilarning aytishicha, dori surilgan barmoq unchalik og'rimagan.

This shouldn't be surprising,

Buning ajablanarli yeri yo'q,

except Trivaricaine wasn't actually a painkiller,

chunki Trayveriken aslida og'riq qoldiruvchi vosita bo'lmagan,

just a fake concotion with no pain-easing properties at all.

u umuman og'riq qoldiruvchi xususiyatga ega bo'lmagan "sohta eliksir" edi.

What made the students so sure this dummy drug had worked?

Talabalarni sohta dorining kuchiga ishonishga nima undadi?

The answer lies in the placebo effect,

Javob esa platsebo effektida, yetarlicha

an unexplained phenomenon

izohlanmagan fenomen bo'lib,

wherein drugs, treatments, and therapies that aren't supposed to have an effect,

unda ta'sir ko'rsatishi kutilmagan va ko'pincha sohta dorilar, muolajalar

and are often fake,

va davolash usullari

miraculously make people feel better.

mo'jizaviy ravishda insonni oyoqqa turgizadi.

Doctors have used the term placebo since the 1700s

Shifokorlar platsebo atamasini 1700-yildan buyon, bemordagi simptomni

when they realized the power of fake drugs to improve people's symptoms.

yengilatishda sohta dorilarning qudratini anglaganlaridan beri ishlatib kelishmoqda.

These were administered when proper drugs weren't available,

Zarur dorilar mavjud bo’lmaganda yoki kimdir xayolida o’zini

or if someone imagined they were ill.

nosog'lom his qilsa ulardan foydalanilgan.

In fact, the word placebo means "I shall please" in Latin,

Platsebo so'zining ma’nosi lotincha “Iltimos, roziman” degan ma’noni anglatib,

hinting at a history of placating troubled patients.

sarosimadagi bemorni tinchlantirishda ishlatilganiga ishora qilmoqda.

Placebos had to mimic the real treatments in order to be convincing,

Platsebolar ishonarli bo’lishi uchun haqiqiy malhamga o'xshashi zarur edi,

so they took the form of sugar pills,

shu tariqa ular tabletka, ampula va

water-filled injections,

hatto platsebo jarrohligi

and even sham surgeries.

ko’rinishini olgan.

Soon, doctors realized that duping people in this way had another use:

Ko'p o'tmay shifokorlar odamni bu tarzda ishontirishning boshqa bir

in clinical trials.

istiqbolini angladi: tibbiy sinovlar.

By the 1950s, researchers were using placebos as a standard tool

1950-yillarda tadqiqotchilar plasebolardan yangi muolajalarini sinovdan o’tkazishda

to test new treatments.

dasturilamal sifatida foydalanayotgan edi

To evaluate a new drug, for instance,

Misol uchun, yangi dorini baholashda

half the patients in a trial might receive the real pill.

sinovdagi bemorlarning yarmi haqiqiy dorini ichishi mumkin.

The other half would get a placebo that looked the same.

Qolgan yarmi esa xuddi shu ko’rinishdagi platseboni ichadi.

Since patients wouldn't know whether they'd received the real thing or a dud,

Tadqiqotchilar agar bemorlar haqiqiy yoki sohta narsa o’rtasidagi farqni bilishmasa,

the results wouldn't be biased,

natijalarda tarafkashlik bo’lmaydi,

researchers believed.

deb ishonishardi.

Then, if the new drug showed a significant benefit compared to the placebo,

So’ng agar yangi dori platseboga nisbatan sezilarli darajada foyda bersa,

it was proved effective.

uning samarasi sinovdan o'tgan.

Nowadays, it's less common to use placebos this way because of ethical concerns.

Hozirda platsebodan bu yo'lda foydalanish axloqiy masalalar bois odat tusida emas.

If it's possible to compare a new drug against an older version,

Agar eskiroq versiyadagi dorini yangisiga yoki boshqa bir doriga

or another existing drug,

solishtirish imkoni bo’lganda edi,

that's preferable to simply giving someone no treatment at all,

bu insonga hech qanaqangi dori bermagan yaxshiroq,

especially if they have a serious ailment.

ayniqsa, ular jiddiy xastalikka chalingan bo’lsa.

In these cases, placebos are often used as a control to fine-tune the trial

Bu holatlarda platsebolardan odatda yangi, eski va alternativ dorilarning

so that the effects of the new versus the old or alternative drug

xususiyatlarni aniqroq solishtirishda sinovning haqqoniyligini

can be precisely compared.

ta’minlash maqsadida foydalaniladi.

But of course, we know the placebos exert their own influence, too.

Ammo platsebolar ham o’z ta’sir kuchini ko’rsatishini bilamiz.

Thanks to the placebo effect,

Platsebo effekti boriga shukur

patients have experienced relief from a range of ailments,

bemorlarning bari sohta dori ichgan yoki yolg'on jarrohlikni

including heart problems,

boshdan kechirgan bo'lishsa

asthma,

ham, ular yurak

and severe pain,

xastaliklari, astma va

even though all they'd received was a fake drug or sham surgery.

qattiq og’riq kabi bir qancha dardlardan forig’ bo’lishdi.

We're still trying to understand how.

Uning mexanizmini tushunishga hanuz urinmoqdamiz

Some believe that instead of being real,

Platsebo effektiga shubha qiluvchilar uning

the placebo effect is merely confused with other factors,

boshqa omillar bilan adashtirib yuborilishiga ishonishadi, misol uchun

like patients trying to please doctors by falsely reporting improvements.

bemor shifokorga ahvoli o’nglanganini aytib ko’nglini ko’tarishga intilishi.

On the other hand,

Boshqa tomondan,

researchers think that if a person believes a fake treatment is real,

tadqiqotchilarning fikricha, agar bemor sohta dori haqiqiyligiga

their expectations of recovery actually do trigger physiological factors

ishonsa,uning tuzalib ketishga bo’lgan umidi kasallik alomatlarini yaxshilovchi

that improve their symptoms.

fiziologik faktorlarga ta’sir ko’rsatadi.

Placebos seem to be capable of causing measurable change in blood pressure,

Platsebo effekti qon bosimi, yurak urish tezligini o'zgartirishga va og'riqni

heart rate,

kamaytiruvchi

and the release of pain-reducing chemicals, like endorphins.

kimyoviy moddalarni, masalan endorfinlarni ishlab chiqarishi mumkin.

That explains why subjects in pain studies often say placebos ease their discomfort.

Shuning uchun og’riq sinovi sinaluvchilari platsebo foyda berganini ta'kidlagan edi.

Placebos may even reduce levels of stress hormones,

Platsebolar, hatto adrenalin kabi stress gormonlarini

like adrenaline,

kamaytirishi

which can slow the harmful effects of an ailment.

bu esa kasallikning zararli ta'sirini zaiflashtirishi mumkin.

So shouldn't we celebrate the placebo's bizarre benefits?

Shunday ekan g’ayrioddiy platsebo effektiga tasannolar aytmaymizmi?

Not necessarily.

Xulosa chiqarishga shoshilmang.

If somebody believes a fake treatment has cured them,

Agar bemor uni sohta eliksir oyoqqa turg'azganiga

they may miss out on drugs or therapies that are proven to work.

ishonsa, u foyda berishi aniq bo’lgan dori va muolajani ortga surishi mumkin.

Plus, the positive effects may fade over time,

Qolaversa, bu ijobiy ta'sirlar vaqt o'tishi bilan so'nishi mumkin

and often do.

va ko’pincha shunday bo’ladi.

Placebos also cloud clinical results,

Platsebolar tibbiy natijalarga ham shubha

making scientists even more motivated to discover

uyg’otadi, bu olimlarni uning bizga ko'rsatayotgan ta'sirini

how they wield such power over us.

chuqurroq o’rganishga undaydi.

Despite everything we know about the human body,

Tana haqida biz bilgan barcha bilimlarga qaramasdan,

there are still some strange and enduring mysteries,

platsebo effektiga o’xshash ayrim g’alati va ochilmagan

like the placebo effect.

sir-asrorlar hali hanuz barhayot.

So what other undiscovered marvels might we contain?

Xo’sh yana qanday ajoyibotlar egasi bo’lishimiz mumkin?

It's easy to investigate the world around us

Atrofimizdagi dunyoni o’rganishga sho’ng’ib,

and forget that one of its most fascinating subjects

uning eng ajabtovur xilqatlaridan biri ko’z oldimizda ekanligini

lies right behind our eyes.

unutib qo’yish oson.