Solid, liquid, gas and … plasma? - Michael Murillo

Čvrsto, tečno, gasovito stanje i... plazma? - Majkl Muriljo (Michael Murillo)

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric

Have you ever seen static electricity cause a spark of light?

Jeste li ikad videli kako statični elektricitet proizvodi iskru?

What is that spark?

Šta je ta iskra?

What about lightning,

A šta je sa munjom,

the Northern Lights,

severnom svetlošću,

or the tail of a comet?

ili repom komete?

All of those things, and many others,

Sve to i mnogo drugih stvari,

in fact 99.9% of the universe, are made of plasma.

u stvari 99,9% svemira, je sačinjeno od plazme.

Plasma is a state of matter

Plazma je stanje materije

drastically different from the more familiar forms.

koje se drastično razlikuje od onih mnogo poznatijih oblika.

Take ice, for example.

Uzmimo, na primer, led.

Ice, a solid, melts to become water, a liquid,

Led, koji je u čvrstom stanju, se topi i postaje voda, tečno stanje,

which, when heated, vaporizes into steam, a gas.

koja, zatim, kada se zagreje postaje para, gasovito stanje.

Continued heating of the steam at a high enough temperature

Dalje zagrevanje pare na dovoljno visokoj temperaturi

causes the water molecules in it to separate

dovodi do razdvajanja molekula vode

into freely roaming hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

na slobodne atome vodonika i kiseonika.

With a little more heat, the ionization process occurs

Sa još malo toplote nastaje proces jonizacije

and the negatively charged electrons escape the atoms,

i negativno naelektrisani elektroni se odvajaju od atoma,

leaving behind positively charged ions.

ostavljajući za sobom pozitivno naelektrisane jone.

This mixture of freely roaming negative and positive charges is plasma,

Ova mešavina slobodnih negativnih i pozitivnih naelektrisanja je plazma,

and at a high enough temperature, any gas can be made into one.

i na dovoljno visokoj temperaturi, svaki gas se može pretvoriti u plazmu.

These freely moving charged particles behave very differently

Ove naelektrisane čestice koje se slobodno kreću ponašaju se dosta drugačije

from the particles in other types of matter.

od čestica u drugim oblicima materije.

When a doorknob, a solid, has static electricity on it,

Kada jedna brava, koja je u čvrstom stanju, ima statički elektricitet,

it doesn't look or behave any differently.

ona ne izgleda niti se ponaša drugačije.

And with the exception of a compass or other magnetic object,

I ako izuzmemo kompas i druge magnetne predmete,

we rarely see matter respond to a magnetic field.

retko kad vidimo da materija reaguje na magnetno polje.

But put a plasma in an electric field or magnetic field,

Ali stavite plazmu u električno polje ili magnetno polje, i dobićete

and you'll get a very different reaction.

jednu potpuno drugačiju reakciju.

Because plasmas are charged,

Pošto su plazme naelektrisane,

electric fields accelerate them,

električna polja ih ubrzavaju,

and magnetic fields steer them in circular orbits.

a magnetna polja ih usmeravaju u kružne orbite.

And when the particles within plasma collide,

I kad se čestice unutar plazme sudare,

or accelerated by electricity or magnetism,

ili ubrzaju pod dejstvom elektriciteteta ili magnetizma,

light is generated,

stvara se svetlost,

which is what we see when we look at plasmas

i to je ono što mi vidimo kad posmatramo plazme

like the Aurora Borealis.

poput aurore borealis.

Plasmas aren't just beautiful, celestial phenomena, though.

Plazme, ipak, nisu samo lepi, nebeski fenomeni.

Imagine a tiny cube made of normal gas with a very high voltage across it.

Zamislite jednu sitnu kocku sačinjenu od običnog gasa sa veoma visokim naponom.

The resulting electric field

Električno polje koje nastaje

pushes some of the electrons off the atoms and accelerates them to high speeds

odbija pojedine elektrone od atoma i daje im veliko ubrzanje

causing the ionization of other atoms.

izazivajući jonizaciju drugih atoma.

Imbedded impurities in the tiny cube of gas

Ugrađene nečistoće u sitnoj kocki gasa

cause it to gain and release a precise amount of energy

uzrokuju dobijanje i oslobađanje tačno određene količine energije

in the form of ultraviolet radiation.

u vidu ultraljubičastog zračenja.

Attached to each tiny cube,

Fluorescentni materijal koji je vezan

a fluorescent material glows with a specific color

za svaku sitnu kocku, sija posebnom bojom

when ultraviolet light at just the right intensity reaches it.

kada ga obasja ultraljubičasta svetlost pogodnog intenziteta.

Now, make a rectangle out of a million of these tiny cubes,

Sada napravite pravougaonik od miliona ovih sitnih kockica,

each separately controlled by sophisticated electronics.

tako da svaku zasebno kontroliše savremena elektronika.

You may be looking at one now.

Možda upravo sada gledate u takvu jednu.

This is called a plasma TV.

Ovo se zove plazma televizor.

Plasmas also have implications for health care.

Plazme se, takođe, spominju u zdravstvu.

Plasma chemists create highly specific plasmas

Hemičari koji se bave plazmom stvaraju posebne plazme

that can destroy or alter targeted chemicals,

koje mogu uništiti ili promeniti određene hemikalije,

thereby killing pathogenic organisms on food or hospital surfaces.

i na taj način ubiti patogene organizme na hrani ili na površinama u bolnici.

Plasmas are all around us,

Plazme su svuda oko nas,

in forms that are both spectacular and practical.

u oblicima koji su i spektakularni i praktični.

And in the future, plasma could be used

A u budućnosti bi se plazma mogla koristiti

to permanently rid landfills of their waste,

u svrhu potpunog eliminisanja deponija otpada,

efficiently remove toxins from our air and water,

efikasnog uklanjanja toksina iz našeg vazduha i vode,

and provide us with a potentially unlimited supply

i mogla bi nas snabdeti sa mogućom neograničenom zalihom

of renewable clean energy.

obnovljive čiste energije.