How do dogs "see" with their noses? - Alexandra Horowitz

Kako psi "vide" svojim nosevima? - Aleksandra Horovic

Prevodilac: Stefan Zrnović Lektor: Miloš Milosavljević

"Hi, Bob."

"Zdravo Bobe."

"Morning, Kelly. The tulips looks great."

"Dobro jutro Keli. Lale sjajno izgledaju."

Have you ever wondered how your dog experiences the world?

Da li ste se ikada zapitali kako vaš pas doživljava svet?

Here's what she sees.

Evo šta on vidi.

Not terribly interesting.

Ništa naročito zanimljivo.

But what she smells, that's a totally different story.

Ali, mirisi koje može da oseti su totalno drugačija priča.

And it begins at her wonderfully developed nose.

To dolazi od fantastično razvijenog nosa.

As your dog catches the first hints of fresh air,

Čim vaš pas uhvati prvi dašak vazduha,

her nose's moist, spongy outside helps capture any scents the breeze carries.

pomoću sunđeraste, vlažne spoljašnjosti nosa,

on hvata svaki miris koji vetar nosi.

The ability to smell separately with each nostril,

Sposobnost da odvojeno namiriše svakom nozdrvom,

smelling in stereo,

njušeći stereo tehnikom,

helps to determine the direction of the smell's source

omogućava mu da odredi pravac izvora mirisa,

so that within the first few moments of sniffing,

tako da u prvim trenucima njušenja

the dog starts to become aware of not just what kind of things are out there

pas postaje svestan ne samo onoga šta se tamo nalazi,

but also where they're located.

već i gde se to nalazi.

As air enters the nose,

Kako vazduh uđe u nos,

a small fold of tissue divides it into two separate folds,

mali nabor tkiva ga deli na dva dela

one for breathing and one just for smelling.

jedan za disanje, a drugi samo za mirisanje.

This second airflow enters a region

Druga struja vazduha ulazi u regiju

filled with highly specialized olfactory receptor cells,

ispunjenu visoko specijalizovanim receptorskim ćelijama,

several hundred millions of them, compaired to our five million.

nekoliko stotina miliona njih, u poređenju sa naših pet miliona.

And unlike our clumsy way of breathing in and out through the same passage,

Za razliku od našeg trapavog načina udisanja i izdisanja kroz isti prolaz,

dogs exhale through slits at the side of their nose,

psi izdišu kroz otvore sa strane svojih noseva,

creating swirls of air that help draw in new odor molecules

stvarajući vazdušne vihore koji omogućavaju udisanje novih molekula mirisa

and allow odor concentration to build up over mulitple sniffs.

i povećanje njihove koncentracije putem višestrukih udisaja.

But all that impressive nasal architecture wouldn't be much help

Ali sva ta impresivna nazalna konstrukcija ne bi bila od koristi

without something to process the loads of information the nose scoops up.

bez nečega što obrađuje tu gomilu informacija koje nos skuplja.

And it turns out that the olfactory system dedicated to proessing smells

Pokazuje se da olfaktorni sistem zadužen za obradu mirisa

takes up many times more relative brain area in dogs than in humans.

zauzima mnogo veći deo mozga pasa, nego mozga ljudi.

All of this allows dogs to distinguish

Sve ovo omogućava psima da raspoznaju

and remember a staggering variety of specific scents

i zapamte zapanjujuću raznovrsnost posebnih mirisa

at concentrations up to 100 million times less than what our noses can detect.

i do 100 miliona puta slabijih nego što naši nosevi mogu da prepoznaju.

If you can smell a spritz of perfume in a small room,

Ako možete da osetite štrcaj parfema u maloj sobi,

a dog would have no trouble smelling it in an enclosed stadium

pas bi trebalo da ga bez problema oseti u zatvorenom stadionu

and distinguishing its ingredients, to boot.

i čak da prepozna njegove sastojke.

And everything in the street, every passing person or car,

Sve na ulici, svaki prolaznik ili auto,

any contents of the neighbor's trash,

bilo šta iz komšijskog smeća,

each type of tree,

svaka vrsta drveta,

and all the birds and insects in it

i sve ptice i insekti u njemu

has a distinct odor profile telling your dog what it is, where it is,

imaju poseban profil mirisa, koji govori vašem psu šta je to, gde se nalazi

and which direction it's moving in.

i u kom se pravcu kreće.

Besides being much more powerful than ours,

Pored toga što je mnogo snažnije od našeg,

a dog's sense of smell can pick up things that can't even be seen at all.

pseće čulo mirisa može da oseti stvari koje ni ne mogu da se vide.

A whole separate olfactory system,

Čitav posebni olfaktorni sistem,

called the vomeronasal organ, above the roof of the mouth,

pod nazivom vomeronazalni organ, iznad nepca,

detects the hormones all animals, Including humans, naturally release.

detektuje hormone koje sve životinje i ljudi prirodno oslobađaju.

It lets dogs identify potential mates,

To omogućava psima da prepoznaju potencijalne partnere

or distinguish between friendly and hostile animals.

ili razlikuju bezopasnu od opasne životinje.

It alerts them to our various emotional states,

Upozorava ih na naša različita emocionalna stanja

and it can even tell them when someone is pregnant or sick.

i može čak da im kaže kada je neko u drugom stanju ili bolestan.

Because olfaction is more primal than other senses,

Pošto je čulo mirisa primarnije od drugih čula,

bypassing the thalamus to connect directly to the brain structures

jer zaobilazi talamus da bi se direktno povezalo sa strukturama u mozgu

involving emotion and instinct,

uključujući emocije i instinkt,

we might even say a dog's perception is more immediate and visceral than ours.

mogli bismo reći da je pseća percepcija neposrednija i instinktivnija od naše.

But the most amazing thing about your dog's nose

Ali najneverovatnija stvar u vezi nosa vašeg psa

is that it can traverse time.

je ta da može da putuje kroz vreme.

The past appears in tracks left by passersby,

Prošlost se pojavljuje u tragovima prolaznika

and by the warmth of a recently parked car

i u toploti skoro parkiranog automobila,

where the residue of where you've been and what you've done recently.

gde se nalaze ostaci onoga gde ste pre toga bili i šta ste radili.

Landmarks like fire hydrants and trees

Orijentiri poput nadzemnih hidranata ili drveća

are aromatic bulletin boards carrying messages of who's been by,

su aromatični podsetnici koji nose poruke o tome ko je tu prošao,

what they've been eating,

šta je jeo malopre

and how they're feeling.

i kako se oseća.

And the future is in the breeze,

A budućnost je u lahoru,

alerting them to something or someone approaching long before you see them.

koji ih upozorava da nešto ili neko prilazi, pre nego što ga vidimo.

Where we see and hear something at a single moment,

Tamo gde mi vidimo i čujemo nešto u trenutku,

a dog smells an entire story from start to finish.

pas namiriše čitavu priču od početka do kraja.

In some of the best examples of canine-human collaboration,

U nekim od najboljih slučajeva saradnje pasa sa ljudima,

dogs help us by sharing and reacting to those stories.

psi nam pomažu deleći i reagujući na te priče.

They can respond with kindness to people in distress,

Oni mogu nežnošću da odgovore ljudima koji pate,

or with aggression to threats

ili agresijom na pretnje

because stress and anger manifest as a cloud of hormones

jer se stres i bes manifestuju kao oblak hormona

recognizable to the dog's nose.

prepoznatljiv psećem nosu.

With the proper training,

Adekvatnim treningom,

they can even alert us to invisible threats

mogu čak da nas upozore na nevidljive pretnje

ranging from bombs to cancer.

u rasponu od bombe do raka.

As it turns out, humanity's best friend

Izgleda da je najbolji čovekov prijatelj

is not one who experiences the same things we do,

ne onaj koji proživljava iste stvari kao mi,

but one whose incredible nose reveals a whole other world beyond our eyes.

već onaj čiji neverovatan nos otkriva čitav drugi svet van naših očiju.