How do dogs "see" with their noses? - Alexandra Horowitz

"Hi, Bob."

"Morning, Kelly. The tulips looks great."

Have you ever wondered how your dog experiences the world?

Here's what she sees.

Not terribly interesting.

But what she smells, that's a totally different story.

And it begins at her wonderfully developed nose.

As your dog catches the first hints of fresh air,

her nose's moist, spongy outside helps capture any scents the breeze carries.

The ability to smell separately with each nostril,

smelling in stereo,

helps to determine the direction of the smell's source

so that within the first few moments of sniffing,

the dog starts to become aware of not just what kind of things are out there

but also where they're located.

As air enters the nose,

a small fold of tissue divides it into two separate folds,

one for breathing and one just for smelling.

This second airflow enters a region

filled with highly specialized olfactory receptor cells,

several hundred millions of them, compaired to our five million.

And unlike our clumsy way of breathing in and out through the same passage,

dogs exhale through slits at the side of their nose,

creating swirls of air that help draw in new odor molecules

and allow odor concentration to build up over mulitple sniffs.

But all that impressive nasal architecture wouldn't be much help

without something to process the loads of information the nose scoops up.

And it turns out that the olfactory system dedicated to proessing smells

takes up many times more relative brain area in dogs than in humans.

All of this allows dogs to distinguish

and remember a staggering variety of specific scents

at concentrations up to 100 million times less than what our noses can detect.

If you can smell a spritz of perfume in a small room,

a dog would have no trouble smelling it in an enclosed stadium

and distinguishing its ingredients, to boot.

And everything in the street, every passing person or car,

any contents of the neighbor's trash,

each type of tree,

and all the birds and insects in it

has a distinct odor profile telling your dog what it is, where it is,

and which direction it's moving in.

Besides being much more powerful than ours,

a dog's sense of smell can pick up things that can't even be seen at all.

A whole separate olfactory system,

called the vomeronasal organ, above the roof of the mouth,

detects the hormones all animals, Including humans, naturally release.

It lets dogs identify potential mates,

or distinguish between friendly and hostile animals.

It alerts them to our various emotional states,

and it can even tell them when someone is pregnant or sick.

Because olfaction is more primal than other senses,

bypassing the thalamus to connect directly to the brain structures

involving emotion and instinct,

we might even say a dog's perception is more immediate and visceral than ours.

But the most amazing thing about your dog's nose

is that it can traverse time.

The past appears in tracks left by passersby,

and by the warmth of a recently parked car

where the residue of where you've been and what you've done recently.

Landmarks like fire hydrants and trees

are aromatic bulletin boards carrying messages of who's been by,

what they've been eating,

and how they're feeling.

And the future is in the breeze,

alerting them to something or someone approaching long before you see them.

Where we see and hear something at a single moment,

a dog smells an entire story from start to finish.

In some of the best examples of canine-human collaboration,

dogs help us by sharing and reacting to those stories.

They can respond with kindness to people in distress,

or with aggression to threats

because stress and anger manifest as a cloud of hormones

recognizable to the dog's nose.

With the proper training,

they can even alert us to invisible threats

ranging from bombs to cancer.

As it turns out, humanity's best friend

is not one who experiences the same things we do,

but one whose incredible nose reveals a whole other world beyond our eyes.