Cell vs. virus: A battle for health - Shannon Stiles

Ćelija protiv virusa - bitka za zdravlje - Šenon Stajls (Shannon Stiles)

10,365,679 views

2014-04-17 ・ TED-Ed


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Cell vs. virus: A battle for health - Shannon Stiles

Ćelija protiv virusa - bitka za zdravlje - Šenon Stajls (Shannon Stiles)

10,365,679 views ・ 2014-04-17

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric
00:06
You're in line at the grocery store when, uh oh,
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U redu ste u supermarketu kada neko - oh ne -
00:09
someone sneezes on you.
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kine na vas.
00:11
The cold virus is sucked inside your lungs
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Virus prehlade se usisava u vaša pluća
00:13
and lands on a cell on your airway lining.
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i sleće na ćeliju u vašem disajnom putu.
00:16
Every living thing on Earth is made of cells,
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Svako živo biće na Zemlji sastoji se od ćelija,
00:19
from the smallest one-celled bacteria
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od najmanjih jednoćelijskih bakterija
00:21
to the giant blue whale to you.
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preko ogromnog plavog kita do vas.
00:23
Each cell in your body is surrounded by a cell membrane,
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Svaka ćelija u vašem telu okružena je ćelijskom membranom,
00:27
a thick flexible layer made of fats and proteins,
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debelim fleksibilnim slojem od masti i proteina
00:30
that surrounds and protects the inner components.
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koji okružuje i štiti unutrašnje komponente.
00:33
It's semipermeable,
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On je polupropustljiv,
00:34
meaning that it lets some thing pass in and out
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što znači da neke stvari pušta da uđu i izađu
00:37
but blocks others.
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a neke blokira.
00:38
The cell membrane is covered with tiny projections.
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Ćelijska membrana prekrivena je sićušnim projekcijama.
00:41
They all have functions,
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Sve one imaju funkciju,
00:42
like helping cells adhere to their neighbors
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poput pomaganja ćelijama da se prilepe uz svoje susede
00:44
or binding to nutrients the cell will need.
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ili vezivanja za hranljive sastojke koji će biti potrebni ćeliji.
00:47
Animal and plant cells have cell membranes.
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Životinjske i biljne ćelije imaju membrane.
00:50
Only plant cells have a cell wall,
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Samo biljne ćelije imaju ćelijski zid,
00:52
which is made of rigid cellulose that gives the plant structure.
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koji je napravljen od čvrste celuloze koja biljci daje strukturu.
00:56
The virus cell that was sneezed into your lungs is sneaky.
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Ćelija virusa koja je kijanjem došla u vaša pluća je podmukla.
00:59
Pretending to be a friend,
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Pretvara se da je prijatelj
01:00
it attaches to a projection on the cell membrane,
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i kači se za projekciju na ćelijskoj membrani
01:03
and the cell brings it through the cell membrane and inside.
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i ćelija ga nosi unutra kroz ćelijsku membranu.
01:06
When the virus gets through,
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Kada virus prođe,
01:08
the cell recognizes its mistake.
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ćelija shvata svoju grešku.
01:10
An enemy is inside!
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Neprijatelj je unutra!
01:12
Special enzymes arrive at the scene
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Posebni enzimi dolaze na mesto
01:14
and chop the virus to pieces.
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i seckaju virus na komade.
01:16
They then send one of the pieces back
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Onda jedan komad vraćaju
01:18
through the cell membrane,
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nazad kroz ćelijsku membranu
01:19
where the cell displays it to warn neighboring cells
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gde ga ćelija pokazuje da bi upozorila okolne ćelije
01:22
about the invader.
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na uzurpatora.
01:23
A nearby cell sees the warning
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Obližnja ćelija vidi upozorenje
01:25
and immediately goes into action.
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i odmah kreće u akciju.
01:27
It needs to make antibodies,
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Ona mora da stvori antitela,
01:29
proteins that will attack and kill
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proteine koji će napasti i ubiti
01:31
the invading virus.
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virus koji napada.
01:33
This process starts in the nucleus.
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Ovaj proces počinje u jezgru.
01:35
The nucleus contains our DNA,
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Jezgro sadrži našu DNK,
01:37
the blueprint that tells our cells how to make everything
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plan koji našim ćelijama govori kako da stvore sve
01:40
our bodies need to function.
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što je našim telima potrebno za funkciju.
01:43
A certain section of our DNA contains instructions
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Određeni deo našeg DNK sadrži uputstva
01:46
that tell our cells how to make antibodies.
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koja našem telu govore kako da stvori antitela.
01:49
Enzymes in the nucleus find the right section of DNA,
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Enzimi u jezgrima pronalaze pravi deo DNK
01:52
then create a copy of these instructions,
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i onda prave kopiju ovih upustava
01:54
called messenger RNA.
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koja se zove informaciona RNK.
01:56
The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus to carry out its orders.
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Informaciona RNK daje jezgru da ispuni njena naređenja.
02:00
The messenger RNA travels to a ribosome.
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Informaciona RNK putuje do ribozoma.
02:03
There can be as many as 10 million ribosomes
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U ljudskoj ćeliji može postojati
02:05
in a human cell,
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i do 10 miliona ribozoma,
02:07
all studded along a ribbon-like structure
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okovanih u strukturi nalik na vrpcu
02:09
called the endoplasmic reticulum.
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koja se zove endoplazmatični retikulum.
02:11
This ribosome reads the instructions from the nucleus.
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Ovaj ribozom čita uputstva jezgra.
02:14
It takes amino acids and links them together one by one
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Uzima aminokiseline i veže ih jednu po jednu
02:18
creating an antibody protein that will go fight the virus.
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kako bi stvorio protein antitela koji će se boriti protiv virusa.
Ali pre nego što uradi to,
02:22
But before it can do that,
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02:23
the antibody needs to leave the cell.
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antitelo mora da napusti ćeliju.
02:25
The antibody heads to the golgi apparatus.
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Antitelo kreće ka Goldžijevom aparatu.
02:28
Here, it's packed up for delivery outside the cell.
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Ovde se pakuje za isporuku van ćelije.
02:31
Enclosed in a bubble made of the same material as the cell membrane,
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Zatvoren u mehur od istog materijala kao i ćelijska membrana,
02:35
the golgi apparatus also gives the antibody directions,
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Goldžijev aparat takođe daje uputstva antitelu
02:38
telling it how to get to the edge of the cell.
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i govori mu kako da dođe do ivica ćelije.
02:41
When it gets there,
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Kada dođe do tamo,
02:42
the bubble surrounding the antibody fuses to the cell membrane.
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mehur koji okružuje antitelo stapa se sa ćelijskom membranom.
02:45
The cell ejects the antibody,
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Ćelija izbacuje antitelo
02:47
and it heads out to track down the virus.
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i kreće da nađe virus.
02:50
The leftover bubble will be broken down
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Preostali mehur će biti razgrađen
02:52
by the cell's lysosomes
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od strane lizozoma ćelije
02:53
and its pieces recycled over and over again.
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a njegovi delovi će se iznova i iznova reciklirati.
02:56
Where did the cell get the energy to do all this?
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Odakle ćeliji energija da uradi sve ovo?
03:00
That's the roll of the mitochondria.
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To je uloga mitohondrije.
03:02
To make energy, the mitochondria takes oxygen,
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Kako bi stvorila energiju, mitohondrija uzima vazduh -
03:04
this is the only reason we breathe it,
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ovo je jedini razlog zašto ga udišemo -
03:07
and adds electrons from the food we eat
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i dodaje elektrone iz hrane koju jedemo
03:09
to make water molecules.
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da bi stvorila molekule vode.
03:11
That process also creates a high energy molecule,
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Ovaj proces takođe stvara i molekul visoke energije
03:13
called ATP which the cell uses to power all of its parts.
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zvani ATP, kojeg ćelija koristi da napaja sve svoje delove.
03:18
Plant cells make energy a different way.
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Čelije kod biljaka stvaraju energiju na drugačiji način.
03:20
They have chloroplasts
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One imaju hloroplaste
03:22
that combine carbon dioxide and water
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koji kombinuju ugljen-dioksid i vodu
03:24
with light energy from the sun
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sa svetlosnom energijom sunca
03:26
to create oxygen and sugar,
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kako bi stvorili vazduh i šećer,
03:27
a form of chemical energy.
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jedan oblik hemijske energije.
03:30
All the parts of a cell have to work together
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Svi delovi ćelije moraju da rade zajedno
03:32
to keep things running smoothly,
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da bi stvari tekle glatko
03:34
and all the cells of your body have to work together
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i sve ćelije u vašem telu moraju da rade zajedno
03:36
to keep you running smoothly.
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kako biste vi funkcionisali normalno.
03:38
That's a whole lot of cells.
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To je mnogo ćelija.
03:40
Scientists think there are about 37 trillion of them.
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Naučnici kažu da ih ima oko 37 triliona.
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