Cell vs. virus: A battle for health - Shannon Stiles

10,630,644 views ใƒป 2014-04-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
You're in line at the grocery store when, uh oh,
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ืืชื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืœืช, ื›ืฉืื• ืื•,
00:09
someone sneezes on you.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืชืขื˜ืฉ ืขืœื™ื›ื.
00:11
The cold virus is sucked inside your lungs
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื ืฉืื‘ ืœืชื•ืš ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื›ื
00:13
and lands on a cell on your airway lining.
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ื•ื ื•ื—ืช ืขืœ ืชื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื.
00:16
Every living thing on Earth is made of cells,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืชืื™ื,
00:19
from the smallest one-celled bacteria
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ืžื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ ืชืื™ืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื”
00:21
to the giant blue whale to you.
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ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืขื ืง ืขื“ ืืœื™ื›ื.
00:23
Each cell in your body is surrounded by a cell membrane,
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ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืชืื™ืช,
00:27
a thick flexible layer made of fats and proteins,
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ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
00:30
that surrounds and protects the inner components.
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ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
00:33
It's semipermeable,
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื“ื™ืจื”,
00:34
meaning that it lets some thing pass in and out
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
00:37
but blocks others.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืกื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:38
The cell membrane is covered with tiny projections.
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ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช.
00:41
They all have functions,
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ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“,
00:42
like helping cells adhere to their neighbors
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ื›ืžื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
00:44
or binding to nutrients the cell will need.
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ืื• ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื ืฆืจื™ืš.
00:47
Animal and plant cells have cell membranes.
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ืœืชืื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืชื.
00:50
Only plant cells have a cell wall,
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ืจืง ืœืชืื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงื™ืจ ืชื,
00:52
which is made of rigid cellulose that gives the plant structure.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฆืœื•ืœื•ื– ืงืฉื™ื— ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืฆืžื— ืžื‘ื ื”.
00:56
The virus cell that was sneezed into your lungs is sneaky.
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ืชื ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืขื˜ืฉื•ืช ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืžืงืžืง.
00:59
Pretending to be a friend,
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ืžืชื—ื–ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ,
01:00
it attaches to a projection on the cell membrane,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื,
01:03
and the cell brings it through the cell membrane and inside.
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ื•ื”ืชื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจืš ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื ืคื ื™ืžื”.
01:06
When the virus gets through,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืขื•ื‘ืจ,
01:08
the cell recognizes its mistake.
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ื”ืชื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:10
An enemy is inside!
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ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื ื™ื!
01:12
Special enzymes arrive at the scene
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ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื–ื™ืจื”
01:14
and chop the virus to pieces.
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ื•ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช.
01:16
They then send one of the pieces back
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ืื– ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื”
01:18
through the cell membrane,
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ื“ืจืš ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื,
01:19
where the cell displays it to warn neighboring cells
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ืฉื ื”ืชื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืชืื™ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื
01:22
about the invader.
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ืžื”ืคื•ืœืฉ.
01:23
A nearby cell sees the warning
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ืชื ืกืžื•ืš ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื”
01:25
and immediately goes into action.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
01:27
It needs to make antibodies,
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื,
01:29
proteins that will attack and kill
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืงืคื• ื•ื™ื”ืจื’ื•
01:31
the invading virus.
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ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ.
01:33
This process starts in the nucleus.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ.
01:35
The nucleus contains our DNA,
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ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื” DNA ืฉืœื ื•,
01:37
the blueprint that tells our cells how to make everything
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
01:40
our bodies need to function.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
01:43
A certain section of our DNA contains instructions
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ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ DNA ืžื›ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
01:46
that tell our cells how to make antibodies.
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ืฉืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื.
01:49
Enzymes in the nucleus find the right section of DNA,
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ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ DNA,
01:52
then create a copy of these instructions,
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:54
called messenger RNA.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช RNA ืฉืœื™ื—.
01:56
The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus to carry out its orders.
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ื” RNA ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.
02:00
The messenger RNA travels to a ribosome.
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ื” RNA ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ื.
02:03
There can be as many as 10 million ribosomes
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ 10 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื
02:05
in a human cell,
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ื‘ืชื ืื ื•ืฉื™,
02:07
all studded along a ribbon-like structure
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ ืกืจื˜
02:09
called the endoplasmic reticulum.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื ืื ื“ื•ืคืœืกืžื™.
02:11
This ribosome reads the instructions from the nucleus.
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ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ.
02:14
It takes amino acids and links them together one by one
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืื—ืช ืื—ืช
02:18
creating an antibody protein that will go fight the virus.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ืœืš ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
02:22
But before it can do that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
02:23
the antibody needs to leave the cell.
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ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื.
02:25
The antibody heads to the golgi apparatus.
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ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ื ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืŸ ื’ื•ืœื’ื™.
02:28
Here, it's packed up for delivery outside the cell.
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ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื ืืจื– ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื.
02:31
Enclosed in a bubble made of the same material as the cell membrane,
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ืืจื•ื– ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื,
02:35
the golgi apparatus also gives the antibody directions,
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ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”,
02:38
telling it how to get to the edge of the cell.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื.
02:41
When it gets there,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื,
02:42
the bubble surrounding the antibody fuses to the cell membrane.
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ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืžืชืื—ื“ืช ืขื ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื.
02:45
The cell ejects the antibody,
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ื”ืชื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ,
02:47
and it heads out to track down the virus.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
02:50
The leftover bubble will be broken down
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ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื ืฉืืจืช ืชืชืคืจืง
02:52
by the cell's lysosomes
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ืกื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื
02:53
and its pieces recycled over and over again.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœื” ื™ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
02:56
Where did the cell get the energy to do all this?
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ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ืชื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
03:00
That's the roll of the mitochondria.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื”.
03:02
To make energy, the mitochondria takes oxygen,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
03:04
this is the only reason we breathe it,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
03:07
and adds electrons from the food we eat
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ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื
03:09
to make water molecules.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื.
03:11
That process also creates a high energy molecule,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
03:13
called ATP which the cell uses to power all of its parts.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ATP ื‘ื” ื”ืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœื•.
03:18
Plant cells make energy a different way.
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ืชืื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
03:20
They have chloroplasts
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื
03:22
that combine carbon dioxide and water
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ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ืžื™ื
03:24
with light energy from the sun
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ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
03:26
to create oxygen and sugar,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ,
03:27
a form of chemical energy.
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ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
03:30
All the parts of a cell have to work together
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“
03:32
to keep things running smoothly,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืง,
03:34
and all the cells of your body have to work together
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“
03:36
to keep you running smoothly.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืชื ืชืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื”.
03:38
That's a whole lot of cells.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืื™ื.
03:40
Scientists think there are about 37 trillion of them.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ 37 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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