Cell vs. virus: A battle for health - Shannon Stiles

細胞對抗病毒：健康大作戰－夏儂‧史黛爾斯

譯者: Regina Chu 審譯者: Geoff Chen

You're in line at the grocery store when, uh oh,

你在超市排隊付帳，哎呀

someone sneezes on you.

有人對著你打噴嚏

The cold virus is sucked inside your lungs

你的肺吸進了感冒病毒

and lands on a cell on your airway lining.

並降落在你的氣道黏膜上

Every living thing on Earth is made of cells,

地球上的每一種生物都由細胞組成

from the smallest one-celled bacteria

從最小的單細胞細菌

to the giant blue whale to you.

到巨大的藍鯨，還有你都是

Each cell in your body is surrounded by a cell membrane,

你體內的每個細胞都以細胞膜圍住

a thick flexible layer made of fats and proteins,

它是肥厚可變形的層狀物 由脂肪及蛋白質組成

that surrounds and protects the inner components.

包圍及保護內部的元件

It's semipermeable,

它具半透性

meaning that it lets some thing pass in and out

表示它讓某些物質進出

but blocks others.

但會阻擋其他的

The cell membrane is covered with tiny projections.

細胞膜上有很多小突起

They all have functions,

它們都有功能

like helping cells adhere to their neighbors

像是幫助細胞與鄰近細胞黏在一起

or binding to nutrients the cell will need.

或是與細胞所需的營養素結合

Animal and plant cells have cell membranes.

動物及植物的細胞都有細胞膜

Only plant cells have a cell wall,

只有植物細胞有細胞壁

which is made of rigid cellulose that gives the plant structure.

它是由堅硬的纖維素組成 給予植物形狀

The virus cell that was sneezed into your lungs is sneaky.

經由噴嚏進入肺內的病毒細胞很狡猾

Pretending to be a friend,

它假裝成朋友

it attaches to a projection on the cell membrane,

附著在細胞膜的某個突起上

and the cell brings it through the cell membrane and inside.

這個細胞就帶著它穿過細胞膜到內部

When the virus gets through,

當病毒順利通過

the cell recognizes its mistake.

細胞辨認出錯誤

An enemy is inside!

敵人在裡面！

Special enzymes arrive at the scene

特種酵素抵達現場

and chop the virus to pieces.

把病毒大卸八塊

They then send one of the pieces back

然後把其中一塊送回去

通過細胞膜

through the cell membrane,

where the cell displays it to warn neighboring cells

細胞在膜上將其示眾 以警告鄰近細胞

about the invader.

有入侵者

A nearby cell sees the warning

鄰近的細胞看見警告

and immediately goes into action.

立刻做出行動

It needs to make antibodies,

它需要製造抗生素

proteins that will attack and kill

它是蛋白質成分，會攻擊並殺掉

the invading virus.

入侵的病毒

This process starts in the nucleus.

這個過程在細胞核內開始

The nucleus contains our DNA,

細胞核含有我們的 去氧核糖核酸 (DNA)

the blueprint that tells our cells how to make everything

為一張藍圖，告訴我們的細胞如何製造

our bodies need to function.

身體所需的東西以發揮功能

A certain section of our DNA contains instructions

去氧核糖核酸的某段包含指令

that tell our cells how to make antibodies.

告訴我們的細胞如何製造抗生素

Enzymes in the nucleus find the right section of DNA,

在核內的酵素會找到 正確的那一段去氧核糖核酸

then create a copy of these instructions,

然後複製這些指令

called messenger RNA.

稱做傳訊核醣核酸 (mRNA)

The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus to carry out its orders.

傳訊核醣核酸離開細胞核去執行指令

The messenger RNA travels to a ribosome.

傳訊核醣核酸前往核醣體

There can be as many as 10 million ribosomes

人體細胞內有可高達一千萬個

in a human cell,

核醣體

all studded along a ribbon-like structure

像釘子般綴滿一條帶狀結構

called the endoplasmic reticulum.

稱為內質網

This ribosome reads the instructions from the nucleus.

這個核醣體讀取從細胞核傳來的指令

It takes amino acids and links them together one by one

它需要胺基酸並一個個串起來

creating an antibody protein that will go fight the virus.

製造出抗生素蛋白質去對抗病毒

但是在此之前

But before it can do that,

the antibody needs to leave the cell.

抗生素需要離開細胞

The antibody heads to the golgi apparatus.

抗生素前往高基氏體 (golgi apparatus)

Here, it's packed up for delivery outside the cell.

在這裡抗生素包裹起來 準備運送到細胞外

Enclosed in a bubble made of the same material as the cell membrane,

包在一個跟細胞膜 同樣材料所製的泡泡裡

the golgi apparatus also gives the antibody directions,

高基氏體也給抗生素方向

telling it how to get to the edge of the cell.

告訴它如何走到細胞的邊緣

When it gets there,

當它到達那裡

這個包圍著抗生素的泡泡 會與細胞膜融合

the bubble surrounding the antibody fuses to the cell membrane.

The cell ejects the antibody,

細胞排出抗生素

and it heads out to track down the virus.

而它出發向外去追捕病毒

The leftover bubble will be broken down

留下來的泡泡會分解

by the cell's lysosomes

由細胞的溶酶體執行

and its pieces recycled over and over again.

溶掉的碎片會不斷回收利用

Where did the cell get the energy to do all this?

細胞從何處得到能量執行這些事？

That's the roll of the mitochondria.

那就是粒線體的角色了

To make energy, the mitochondria takes oxygen,

要產生能量，粒線體需要利用氧氣

this is the only reason we breathe it,

這是我們吸進氧氣的唯一理由

and adds electrons from the food we eat

並從我們所吃的食物中加進電子

to make water molecules.

以製造水分子

That process also creates a high energy molecule,

那個過程也產生一種高能量分子

called ATP which the cell uses to power all of its parts.

稱為三磷酸腺苷 (ATP) 細胞用它提供能量給所有的零件

Plant cells make energy a different way.

植物細胞以不同的方法產生能量

They have chloroplasts

它們有葉綠體

能結合二氧化碳及水

that combine carbon dioxide and water

with light energy from the sun

藉助從太陽得來的光能

to create oxygen and sugar,

產生氧氣及糖

a form of chemical energy.

為化學能的一種形式

All the parts of a cell have to work together

細胞內的所有零件都必須合作

to keep things running smoothly,

讓一切運作順利

and all the cells of your body have to work together

你身體的所有細胞也都必須合作

to keep you running smoothly.

讓你運作順利

That's a whole lot of cells.

那是一大堆的細胞

Scientists think there are about 37 trillion of them.

科學家認為大約有 37 兆個！