Cell vs. virus: A battle for health - Shannon Stiles

Celica proti virusu: Bitka za zdravje - Shannon Stiles

Translator: Nika Kotnik Reviewer: Klavdija Cernilogar

You're in line at the grocery store when, uh oh,

Stojiš v vrsti v trgovini, ko, ojoj,

someone sneezes on you.

nekdo kihne vate.

The cold virus is sucked inside your lungs

Virus prehlada se posrka v tvoja pljuča

and lands on a cell on your airway lining.

in pristane na celici tvoje dihalne poti.

Every living thing on Earth is made of cells,

Vsaka živa stvar na Zemlji je sestavljena iz celic,

od najmanjše, enocelične bakterije,

from the smallest one-celled bacteria

do velikanskega sinjega kita do tebe.

to the giant blue whale to you.

Each cell in your body is surrounded by a cell membrane,

Vsako celico v telesu obdaja celična membrana,

debela, prožna membrana, zgrajena iz maščob in beljakovin,

a thick flexible layer made of fats and proteins,

that surrounds and protects the inner components.

ki obdaja in ščiti notranje dele.

It's semipermeable,

Je polprepustna,

meaning that it lets some thing pass in and out

kar pomeni, da prepušča nekatere snovi noter in ven

in druge blokira.

but blocks others.

The cell membrane is covered with tiny projections.

Celična membrana je pokrita z majhnimi izrastki.

They all have functions,

Vsi imajo funkcije, na primer pomoč, da se celica pripne na sosednje,

like helping cells adhere to their neighbors

or binding to nutrients the cell will need.

ali pripenjanje hranil, ki jih celica potrebuje.

Animal and plant cells have cell membranes.

Živalske in rastlinske celice imajo celične membrane.

Only plant cells have a cell wall,

Le rastlinske celice imajo celično steno,

ki je narejena iz toge celuloze, ki daje rastlini obliko.

which is made of rigid cellulose that gives the plant structure.

Virusna celica, ki so jo kihnili v vaša pljuča, je zahrbtna.

The virus cell that was sneezed into your lungs is sneaky.

Pretending to be a friend,

Delajoč se, da je prijatelj,

it attaches to a projection on the cell membrane,

se pritrdi na celično membrano

and the cell brings it through the cell membrane and inside.

in celica ga skozi membrano pripelje noter.

When the virus gets through,

Ko virus pride skozi,

the cell recognizes its mistake.

celica prepozna svojo napako.

An enemy is inside!

Sovražnik je notri!

Posebni encimi prispejo na prizorišče in razkosajo virus.

Special enzymes arrive at the scene

and chop the virus to pieces.

En kos pošljejo nazaj skozi celično membrano,

They then send one of the pieces back

through the cell membrane,

where the cell displays it to warn neighboring cells

kjer ga celica razkazuje kot opozorilo sosednjim celicam pred vsiljivcem.

about the invader.

A nearby cell sees the warning

Bližnja celica vidi opozorilo

and immediately goes into action.

in gre nemudoma v akcijo.

It needs to make antibodies,

Narediti mora protitelesa,

proteins that will attack and kill

beljakovine, ki bodo napadle in ubile virus.

the invading virus.

Ta proces se začne v jedru.

This process starts in the nucleus.

The nucleus contains our DNA,

V jedru je naša DNK,

the blueprint that tells our cells how to make everything

načrt, ki pove celici, kako zgraditi vse, kar naše telo potrebuje za delovanje.

our bodies need to function.

A certain section of our DNA contains instructions

Določen odsek DNK vsebuje navodila, kako naj celica naredi protitelesa.

that tell our cells how to make antibodies.

Enzymes in the nucleus find the right section of DNA,

Encimi v jedru najdejo pravi odsek DNK,

then create a copy of these instructions,

nato naredijo kopijo teh navodil,

called messenger RNA.

imenovano informacijska RNA.

The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus to carry out its orders.

Informacijska RNA zapusti jedro, da bi izpolnila svojo nalogo.

The messenger RNA travels to a ribosome.

Informacijska RNA potuje do ribosoma.

There can be as many as 10 million ribosomes

V človeški celici je lahko do 10 milijonov ribosomov,

in a human cell,

all studded along a ribbon-like structure

nanizanih na traku podobni strukturi,

called the endoplasmic reticulum.

imenovani endoplazmatski retikulum.

This ribosome reads the instructions from the nucleus.

Ta ribosom prebere navodila iz jedra.

It takes amino acids and links them together one by one

Vzame aminokisline in jih poveže eno za drugo

in ustvari protitelo, ki se bo borilo z virusom.

creating an antibody protein that will go fight the virus.

A preden to lahko stori, mora protitelo zapustiti celico.

But before it can do that,

the antibody needs to leave the cell.

The antibody heads to the golgi apparatus.

Protitelo gre proti Golgijevemu aparatu.

Here, it's packed up for delivery outside the cell.

Tu se zapakira za pot ven iz celice.

Enclosed in a bubble made of the same material as the cell membrane,

Zaprt v mehurček iz materiala celične membrane,

the golgi apparatus also gives the antibody directions,

Golgijev aparat prav tako da protitelesu navodila,

telling it how to get to the edge of the cell.

kako naj pride do roba celice.

When it gets there,

Ko pride tja, se mehurček, ki ga obdaja, zlije s celično membrano.

the bubble surrounding the antibody fuses to the cell membrane.

The cell ejects the antibody,

Celica izloči protitelo

and it heads out to track down the virus.

in to se odpravi iskat virus.

The leftover bubble will be broken down

Ostanek mehurčka bodo razgradili celični lizosomi

by the cell's lysosomes

and its pieces recycled over and over again.

in njegovi deli bodo znova in znova reciklirani.

Where did the cell get the energy to do all this?

In kje je celica dobila energijo za vse to?

To je vloga mitohondrija.

That's the roll of the mitochondria.

To make energy, the mitochondria takes oxygen,

Da naredi energijo, mitohondrij vzame kisik,

this is the only reason we breathe it,

to je edini razlog, zakaj ga vdihamo,

and adds electrons from the food we eat

in doda elektrone iz hrane, ki jo pojemo,

to make water molecules.

da naredi molekule vode.

That process also creates a high energy molecule,

Ta proces tudi ustvari molekulo z veliko energije,

called ATP which the cell uses to power all of its parts.

imenovano ATP, s katero celica poganja vse svoje dele.

Plant cells make energy a different way.

Rastline pridejo do energije na drugačen način.

They have chloroplasts

Imajo kloroplaste, ki združijo ogljikov dioksid in vodo

that combine carbon dioxide and water

with light energy from the sun

s svetlobno energijo sonca,

da ustvarijo kisik in sladkor,

to create oxygen and sugar,

a form of chemical energy.

obliko kemične energije.

All the parts of a cell have to work together

Vsi deli celice morajo delovati skupaj, da bi stvari gladko tekle,

to keep things running smoothly,

and all the cells of your body have to work together

in vse celice v telesu morajo delati skupaj, da ti gladko tečeš.

to keep you running smoothly.

That's a whole lot of cells.

To je veliko celic.

Scientists think there are about 37 trillion of them.

Znanstveniki mislijo, da okrog 37 trilijonov.