Mary's Room: A philosophical thought experiment - Eleanor Nelsen

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Zamislite brilijantnu neuronaučnicu po imenu Meri.

Imagine a brilliant neuroscientist named Mary.

Meri živi u crno-beloj sobi,

Mary lives in a black and white room,

she only reads black and white books,

čita isključivo crno-bele knjige,

and her screens only display black and white.

a njeni ekrani prikazuju samo crnu i belu boju.

But even though she has never seen color, Mary is an expert in color vision

Međutim, iako nikada nije videla boje, Meri je ekspert za viđenje boja

i zna sve što je ikada otkriveno vezano za fiziku i biologiju toga.

and knows everything ever discovered about its physics and biology.

She knows how different wavelengths of light

Zna kako različite talasne dužine svetlosti

stimulate three types of cone cells in the retina,

stimulišu tri vrste kupastih ćelija u mrežnjači

and she knows how electrical signals

i zna kako električni signali

travel down the optic nerve into the brain.

putuju kroz optički nerv do mozga.

There, they create patterns of neural activity

Tamo stvaraju obrasce nervne aktivnosti

that correspond to the millions of colors most humans can distinguish.

koji odgovaraju milionima boja koje većina ljudi može razlikovati.

Now imagine that one day,

Sada zamislite da jednoga dana

Mary's black and white screen malfunctions

dođe do greške u funkcionisanju Merinog crno-belog ekrana

and an apple appears in color.

i pojavi se jabuka u boji.

For the first time,

Prvi put,

she can experience something that she's known about for years.

ona može da doživi nešto za šta je godinama znala.

Does she learn anything new?

Da li saznaje nešto novo?

Is there anything about perceiving color that wasn't captured in all her knowledge?

Postoji li nešto vezano za opažanje boja

što nije bilo obuhvaćeno celokupnim njenim znanjem?

Philosopher Frank Jackson proposed this thought experiment,

Filozof Frenk Džekson je izneo ovaj misaoni eksperiment,

called Mary's room, in 1982.

zvani Merina soba, 1982. godine.

Tvrdio je da, ako je Meri već znala sve fizičke činjenice o viđenju boja,

He argued that if Mary already knew all the physical facts about color vision,

and experiencing color still teaches her something new,

a doživljaj boje je ipak uči nečemu novom,

then mental states, like color perception,

onda se mentalna stanja poput opažanja boja

can't be completely described by physical facts.

ne mogu u potpunosti opisati fizičkim podacima.

The Mary's room thought experiment

Misaoni eksperiment Merine sobe

describes what philosophers call the knowledge argument,

opisuje ono što filozofi nazivaju argument saznanja,

that there are non-physical properties and knowledge

da postoje svojstva i znanja koji nisu fizičke prirode

which can only be discovered through conscious experience.

koja se mogu otkriti samo kroz svesni doživljaj.

The knowledge argument contradicts the theory of physicalism,

Argument saznanja protivreči teoriji fizikalizma

koja kaže da sve, uključujući mentalna stanja,

which says that everything, including mental states,

has a physical explanation.

ima fizičko objašnjenje.

To most people hearing Mary's story,

Za većinu ljudi koji čuju Merinu priču,

it seems intuitively obvious that actually seeing color

intuitivno se čini očigledno da će, kada zapravo vidi boje,

will be totally different than learning about it.

to biti potpuno drugačije nego učenje o njima.

Prema tome, mora postojati neko svojstvo viđenja boja

Therefore, there must be some quality of color vision

koje nadilazi njegov fizički opis.

that transcends its physical description.

The knowledge argument isn't just about color vision.

Argument saznanja se ne odnosi samo na viđenje boja.

Mary's room uses color vision to represent conscious experience.

Merina soba koristi viđenje boja radi predstavljanja svesnog doživljavanja.

If physical science can't entirely explain color vision,

Ako fizičke nauke ne mogu da u celosti objasne viđenje boja,

then maybe it can't entirely explain other conscious experiences either.

onda možda ne mogu potpuno objasniti ni druga svesna iskustva.

For instance, we could know every physical detail

Na primer, mogli bismo znati svaki fizički detalj

about the structure and function of someone else's brain,

o strukturi i funkcijama mozga neke druge osobe,

but still not understand what it feels like to be that person.

a da i dalje ne razumemo kako izgleda biti ta osoba.

These ineffable experiences have properties called qualia,

Ova neopisiva iskustva imaju svojstva koja se nazivaju kvalija,

subjective qualities that you can't accurately describe or measure.

subjektivne osobine koje se ne mogu precizno opisati ili izmeriti.

Qualia are unique to the person experiencing them,

Kvalija je jedinstvena za osobu koja je doživljava,

like having an itch,

kao osećaj svraba,

being in love,

zaljubljenosti

or feeling bored.

ili dosade.

Physical facts can't completely explain mental states like this.

Fizičke činjenice ne mogu sasvim objasniti mentalna stanja poput ovih.

Philosophers interested in artificial intelligence

Filozofi koje zanima veštačka inteligencija

have used the knowledge argument

koriste argument saznanja

to theorize that recreating a physical state

da bi teoretisali da ponovno stvaranje fizičkog stanja

won't necessarily recreate a corresponding mental state.

neće nužno iznova stvoriti i odgovarajuće mentalno stanje.

In other words,

Drugim rečima,

building a computer which mimicked the function of every single neuron

sklapanje kompjutera koji oponaša funkciju svakog pojedinačnog neurona

of the human brain

ljudskog mozga

won't necessarily create a conscious computerized brain.

neće nužno stvoriti svestan kompjuterizovani mozak.

Not all philosophers agree that the Mary's room experiment is useful.

Ne slažu se svi filozofi da je eksperiment Merine sobe koristan.

Some argue that her extensive knowledge of color vision

Neki tvrde da bi joj njeno opsežno znanje o viđenju boja omogućilo

would have allowed her to create the same mental state

da stvori isto mentalno stanje

produced by actually seeing the color.

koje se proizvodi pri stvarnom viđenju boja.

The screen malfunction wouldn't show her anything new.

Greška na ekranu joj ne bi pokazala ništa novo.

Others say that her knowledge was never complete in the first place

Drugi kažu da njeno znanje otpočetka nije bilo potpuno

because it was based only on those physical facts

jer je zasnovano samo na onim fizičkim podacima

that can be conveyed in words.

koji se mogu pretočiti u reči.

Years after he proposed it,

Godinama nakon što ga je izneo,

Džekson je zapravo preokrenuo stav o svom misaonom eksperimentu.

Jackson actually reversed his own stance on his thought experiment.

He decided that even Mary's experience of seeing red

Odlučio je da čak i Merino iskustvo viđenja crvene boje i dalje odgovara

still does correspond to a measurable physical event in the brain,

merljivom fizičkom događaju u mozgu,

not unknowable qualia beyond physical explanation.

a ne nepoznatoj kvaliji koja je izvan fizičkog objašnjenja.

But there still isn't a definitive answer

Ipak, i dalje nema konačnog odgovora

to the question of whether Mary would learn anything new

na pitanje da li bi Meri naučila nešto novo

when she sees the apple.

kada vidi jabuku.

Could it be that there are fundamental limits to what we can know

Može li biti da postoje suštinska ograničenja

toga šta možemo saznati o nečemu što ne možemo doživeti?

about something we can't experience?

And would this mean there are certain aspects of the universe

I da li bi to značilo da postoje izvesni aspekti univerzuma

that lie permanently beyond our comprehension?

koji zauvek leže izvan naše spoznaje?

Or will science and philosophy allow us to overcome our mind's limitations?

Ili će nam nauka i filozofija omogućiti da prevaziđemo ograničenja našeg uma?