Mary's Room: A philosophical thought experiment - Eleanor Nelsen

4,281,718 views ใƒป 2017-01-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Imagine a brilliant neuroscientist named Mary.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืžื•ื— ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืžืจื™.
00:11
Mary lives in a black and white room,
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ืžืจื™ ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ,
00:13
she only reads black and white books,
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ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืจืง ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ,
00:16
and her screens only display black and white.
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ื•ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืจืง ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ.
00:20
But even though she has never seen color, Mary is an expert in color vision
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืืชื” ืฆื‘ืข, ืžืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข
00:26
and knows everything ever discovered about its physics and biology.
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ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
00:31
She knows how different wavelengths of light
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
00:33
stimulate three types of cone cells in the retina,
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ืžื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช,
00:36
and she knows how electrical signals
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
00:38
travel down the optic nerve into the brain.
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ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:42
There, they create patterns of neural activity
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ืฉื, ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช
00:45
that correspond to the millions of colors most humans can distinguish.
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ืฉืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืœืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื.
00:50
Now imagine that one day,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
00:52
Mary's black and white screen malfunctions
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ื”ืžืกืš ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ ืžืชืงืœืงืœ
00:54
and an apple appears in color.
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ื•ืชืคื•ื— ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื‘ืข.
00:57
For the first time,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
00:58
she can experience something that she's known about for years.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื.
01:03
Does she learn anything new?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ?
01:05
Is there anything about perceiving color that wasn't captured in all her knowledge?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”?
01:10
Philosopher Frank Jackson proposed this thought experiment,
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจื ืง ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”,
01:13
called Mary's room, in 1982.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื™, ื‘-1982.
01:17
He argued that if Mary already knew all the physical facts about color vision,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื ืžืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข,
01:21
and experiencing color still teaches her something new,
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ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ,
01:24
then mental states, like color perception,
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ืื– ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™, ื›ืžื• ืชืคื™ืฉืช ืฆื‘ืข,
01:27
can't be completely described by physical facts.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช.
01:31
The Mary's room thought experiment
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื™
01:33
describes what philosophers call the knowledge argument,
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ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข,
01:37
that there are non-physical properties and knowledge
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื“ืข ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช
01:40
which can only be discovered through conscious experience.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืจืง ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช.
01:44
The knowledge argument contradicts the theory of physicalism,
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื–ื,
01:48
which says that everything, including mental states,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื,
01:50
has a physical explanation.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืคื™ื–ื™.
01:53
To most people hearing Mary's story,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื™,
01:55
it seems intuitively obvious that actually seeing color
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ื ืฉืžืข ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข
01:59
will be totally different than learning about it.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฆื‘ืข.
02:03
Therefore, there must be some quality of color vision
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข
02:06
that transcends its physical description.
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ืฉืžืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœื”.
02:09
The knowledge argument isn't just about color vision.
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืœื ื ื•ื’ืข ืจืง ืœืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข.
02:12
Mary's room uses color vision to represent conscious experience.
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ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช.
02:18
If physical science can't entirely explain color vision,
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ืื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข ืœื’ืžืจื™,
02:21
then maybe it can't entirely explain other conscious experiences either.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื’ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:26
For instance, we could know every physical detail
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืคื™ื–ื™
02:29
about the structure and function of someone else's brain,
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ,
02:32
but still not understand what it feels like to be that person.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื“ื.
02:37
These ineffable experiences have properties called qualia,
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ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ืชื•ืืจื• ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืงื•ื•ืœื™ื”,
02:42
subjective qualities that you can't accurately describe or measure.
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ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“.
02:47
Qualia are unique to the person experiencing them,
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ืงื•ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชืŸ,
02:50
like having an itch,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื•ื“,
02:51
being in love,
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ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื•ืช,
02:52
or feeling bored.
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ืื• ืฉืขืžื•ื.
02:54
Physical facts can't completely explain mental states like this.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื”.
02:58
Philosophers interested in artificial intelligence
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
03:02
have used the knowledge argument
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข
03:03
to theorize that recreating a physical state
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืคื™ื–ื™
03:06
won't necessarily recreate a corresponding mental state.
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืชื•ืื.
03:11
In other words,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:12
building a computer which mimicked the function of every single neuron
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื“ืžื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ื“
03:16
of the human brain
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
03:17
won't necessarily create a conscious computerized brain.
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื— ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ื“ืข.
03:22
Not all philosophers agree that the Mary's room experiment is useful.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
03:26
Some argue that her extensive knowledge of color vision
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข
03:29
would have allowed her to create the same mental state
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ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™
03:32
produced by actually seeing the color.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื”.
03:35
The screen malfunction wouldn't show her anything new.
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ืชืงืœืช ื”ืžืกืš ืœื ืชืจืื” ืœื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:39
Others say that her knowledge was never complete in the first place
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื ืžืจืืฉ
03:42
because it was based only on those physical facts
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:45
that can be conveyed in words.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
03:48
Years after he proposed it,
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ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื–ื”,
03:50
Jackson actually reversed his own stance on his thought experiment.
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ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœื•.
03:53
He decided that even Mary's experience of seeing red
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื“ื•ื
03:56
still does correspond to a measurable physical event in the brain,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืืžืช ืœืืจื•ืข ืคื™ื–ื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—,
04:01
not unknowable qualia beyond physical explanation.
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ื•ืื™ื ื” ืงื•ื•ืœื™ื” ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื.
04:05
But there still isn't a definitive answer
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช
04:07
to the question of whether Mary would learn anything new
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ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ืžืจื™ ืชืœืžื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ
04:11
when she sees the apple.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—.
04:12
Could it be that there are fundamental limits to what we can know
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
04:15
about something we can't experience?
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช?
04:18
And would this mean there are certain aspects of the universe
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ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
04:21
that lie permanently beyond our comprehension?
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•?
04:25
Or will science and philosophy allow us to overcome our mind's limitations?
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ืื• ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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