Why are cockroaches so hard to kill? - Ameya Gondhalekar

3,559,426 views ・ 2022-04-19

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ognjen Miladinović Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:08
In the Egyptian Book of the Dead, there’s a banishment spell that declares,
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U egipatskoj „Knjizi mrtvih”, nalazi se čarolija proterivanja koja kaže:
00:12
“Be far from me, O vile cockroach.”
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„Idi daleko od mene, o podla bubašvabo.”
00:16
More than 3,000 years later, we’re still trying to oust these insects.
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Više od 3000 godina kasnije, i dalje pokušavamo da se rešimo ovih buba.
00:21
But from poison traps to hastily brandished slippers,
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Ali od otrovnih zamki do mahnitog udaranja papučama,
00:25
cockroaches seem to weather just about everything we throw at them.
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bubašvabe izgleda izdrže sve što iskoristimo protiv njih.
00:29
So what makes cockroaches so hard to kill?
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Šta to čini bubašvabe tako otpornim?
00:34
There are nearly 5,000 cockroach species.
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Postoji skoro 5000 vrsta bubašvaba.
00:37
99% of them live in a range of habitats where they play important ecological roles
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99% njih živi u raznovrsnim staništima gde igraju važne ekološke uloge
00:43
by recycling dead or decaying organic matter
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reciklirajući mrtve ili trule organske materije
00:47
and nourishing other animals.
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i hraneći druge životinje.
00:49
But a couple dozen species adapted to live in close association with humans.
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Nekoliko desetina vrsta se pak prilagodilo na život u bliskom okruženju ljudi.
00:55
German and American cockroaches are among the most common.
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Nemačke i američke bubašvabe su najčešće.
00:59
And they owe their resilience to a combination
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A svoju izdržljivost duguju kombinaciji
01:01
of physical and chemical adaptations.
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fizičkih i hemijskih otpornosti.
01:05
When it comes to old-fashioned removal methods,
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Kada su u pitanju klasične metode uklanjanja,
01:07
they're troublingly tenacious.
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one su zabrinjavajuće istrajne.
01:09
An American cockroach’s sensory hairs or structures pick up subtle air currents
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Čulne dlake američkih bubašvaba mogu da osete diskretna strujanja vazduha
01:15
and rapidly send signals to its central nervous system.
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i velikom brzinom pošalju signal do centralnog nervnog sistema.
01:19
The roach can then turn and sprint away within a few milliseconds.
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Bubašvaba onda može da se okrene i otrči u roku od par milisekundi.
01:23
And it’s among the fastest invertebrates ever recorded,
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One su i jedne od najbržih beskičmenjaka ikada zabeleženih,
01:26
reaching speeds of up to 50 body lengths per second.
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dostižući brzine i do 50 puta svoje telesne dužine po sekundi.
01:30
This would be the human equivalent of running more than 300 kilometers per hour.
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Ovo bi bilo jednako brzini od preko 300 kilometara na čas kod ljudi.
01:36
And finding a hiding place is no problem.
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Ni pronalaženje utočišta nije problem.
01:38
With its flattened, flexible body,
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Sa svojim pljosnatim, savitljivim telom,
01:41
an American cockroach can squeeze into spaces less than a quarter of its height.
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Američka bubašvaba se može zavući u prostor manji od četvrtine svoje visine.
01:46
Even if we do land a hit, it can withstand compressive forces
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Čak i kada je udarimo, ona može idržati silu pritiska
01:50
of up to 900 times its own weight by distributing the impact along its body.
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do 900 puta veću od svoje težine raspoređujući udarac uzduž tela.
01:56
And the cockroach’s toughness doesn’t end there.
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A žilavost bubašvabe se ne završava tu.
01:59
Cockroaches can eat a variety of organic matter,
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Bubašvabe mogu jesti mnoštvo organskih materija,
02:02
including hair, dead skin, adhesives, and paper.
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uključujući kosu, mrtvu kožu, lepkove i papir.
02:07
This is made possible by an expansive set of digestive enzymes.
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Ovo je moguće zahvaljući širokom skupu digestivnih enzima.
02:12
Cockroaches are able to thrive even in nutrient-poor environments.
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Bubašvabe mogu uspevati i u okruženjima s nedostatkom hranljivih materija.
02:17
Roaches often eat decaying foods that are low in nitrogen—
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One često jedu hranu koja truli s niskim sastavom azota -
02:21
an essential component of DNA and proteins.
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koji je sastavni deo DNK i proteina.
02:24
But they survive by storing nitrogen-containing wastes in their bodies
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Ali one preživljaju čuvanjem u svom telu otpada koji sadrži azot
02:29
and having a resident group of bacteria recycle the nitrogen
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i imaju domaću grupu bakterija koje recikliraju azot
02:33
into useful molecules for them.
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u korisne molekule za sebe.
02:36
Meanwhile, German cockroaches will eat their own poop, vomit,
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U međuvremenu, nemačke bubašvabe će pojesti svoj izmet, povraćku
02:40
and dead or dying colony members without hesitation.
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i mrtve ili umiruće članove kolonija bez oklevanja.
02:44
An American cockroach will frolic in sewers,
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Američka bubašvaba će se brčkati u kanalizaciji,
02:47
consuming excrement and toting microbes like Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli.
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konzumirajući izmet i noseći mikrobe kao što su Stafilokokus aureus i E. koli,
02:53
But they’ll rarely suffer any consequences.
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ali retko će trpeti posledice.
02:56
This is because they’re equipped with genes that provide immunity
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To je zato što su naoružane genima koji stvaraju imunitet
03:00
against numerous pathogens.
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protiv mnogih patogena.
03:02
These genes are often duplicated many times over.
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Ovi geni su neretko duplirani mnogo puta.
03:05
So when infected, the cockroach’s immune system efficiently unleashes
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Tako da kad su zaražene, imuni sistem bubašvabe efikasno oslobađa
03:09
many antimicrobial molecules.
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mnoštvo antimikrobnih molekula.
03:12
Cockroaches also have a slew of defenses against pesticides.
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Bubašvabe takođe imaju razne odbrane od pesticida.
03:16
When a non-resistant roach walks on a surface that’s been sprayed
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Kada bubašvaba bez otpornosti prošeta preko površine koja je isprskana
03:20
with a pyrethroid insecticide, for example,
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sa piretroidnim insekticidom, na primer,
03:23
the results will likely be fatal.
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ishod će biti fatalan.
03:25
Once absorbed, the chemical binds to sodium channel proteins,
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Nakon apsorpcije, hemikalija se vezuje na proteine natrijumskih kanala,
03:29
which help propagate nerve impulses.
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koji pomažu u širenju nervnih impulsa.
03:32
The pyrethroid keeps the sodium channels open,
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Piretroid održava natrijum kanale otvorenim,
03:35
so the nerves fire repeatedly.
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tako da se nervi stalno pale.
03:37
And soon, the cockroach dies.
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I uskoro bubašvaba umire.
03:40
But if a resistant roach is exposed to pyrethroids, it’ll be just fine.
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Ali ako je otporna bubašvaba izložena piretroidima, biće sasvim u redu.
03:44
Genetic mutations have given them sodium channels
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Genetske mutacije su im dale natrijumske kanale
03:47
that the pyrethroids can’t bind to.
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na koje piretroidi ne mogu da se vežu.
03:50
The cockroach also produces more detoxification enzymes,
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Bubašvaba takođe proizvodi više enzima za detoksikaciju
03:54
which render the pesticide harmless,
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zbog kojih pesticidi postaju bezopasni
03:56
and the cockroach simply excretes it as a waste.
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i bubašvaba ih prosto izluči kao otpad.
03:59
Because German cockroaches reproduce especially quickly,
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S obzirom na to da se nemačke bubašvabe razmnožavaju veoma brzo
04:03
populations may evolve resistance to a new pesticide within months.
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populacije mogu stvoriti otpornost na nove pesticide u roku od par meseci.
04:08
So far, they're already resistant to 43 different chemicals.
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Do sada, već su otporne na 43 različite hemikalije.
04:13
But contrary to popular belief,
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Ali nasuprot popularnom verovanju,
04:15
cockroaches would probably not survive a nuclear apocalypse.
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bubašvabe verovatno ne bi preživele nuklearnu apokalipsu.
04:19
Compared with other insects,
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U poređenju s drugim insektima,
04:21
cockroaches are only mildly tolerant to radiation.
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bubašvabe su samo blago tolerantne na radijaciju.
04:24
They would die near the sites of nuclear explosions
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Umrle bi u blizini nuklearnih eksplozija
04:27
and would still be severely compromised miles away.
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i bile bi ugrožene miljama daleko.
04:30
Moreover, disasters that threaten humanity
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Štaviše, katastrofe koje prete čovečanstvu
04:33
also jeopardize the habitats and buffets we provide roaches.
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takođe ugrožavaju staništa i bifee koje mi priređujemo bubašvabama.
04:38
Perhaps the only way to beat them is through our mutual destruction.
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Možda je jedini način da ih pobedimo zajedničko uništenje.
04:42
Or maybe cockroaches would find even more surprising ways to thrive
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Ili bi možda bubašvabe pronašle još više iznenađujućih načina da opstanu
04:47
long after we’re gone.
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dugo nakon što nas ne bude bilo.
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