Why is pneumonia so dangerous? - Eve Gaus and Vanessa Ruiz

Prevodilac: Milena Petrovic Lektor: Milenka Okuka

Every time you breathe in, air travels down the trachea,

Svaki put kada udahnete, vazduh putuje niz dušnik,

through a series of channels called bronchi,

kroz niz kanala koji se nazvaju bronhije,

and finally reaches little clusters of air sacs called alveoli.

i konačno stiže do malih grupa vazdušnih kesa koje se nazivaju alveole.

There are some 600 million alveoli in the lungs,

Postoji oko 600 miliona alveola u plućima,

adding up to a surface area of roughly 75 square meters—

što čini površinu od otprilike 75 kvadratnih metara—

the size of a tennis court.

to je veličina jednog teniskog terena.

These tiny sacs, only one cell thick, facilitate a crucial exchange:

Ove sićušne kese, debljine jedne ćelije, omogućavaju bitnu razmenu:

allowing oxygen from the air we breathe into the bloodstream

sprovode kiseonik iz vazduha koji dišemo u krvotok

and clearing out carbon dioxide.

i izbacuju ugljen-dioksid.

Pneumonia wreaks havoc on this exchange.

Pneumonija izaziva haos u ovoj razmeni.

Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli that causes them to fill with fluid.

Pneumonija je infekcija alveola koja čini da se one napune tečnošću.

There are many different kinds of pathogens that can cause pneumonia.

Postoji mnogo različitih patogena koji mogu da izazovu pneumoniju.

The most common ones are viruses or bacteria.

Najčešći su virusi i bakterije.

Ovi sićušni napadači ulaze u telo preko kapljica iz vazduha,

These microscopic invaders enter the body via droplets either in the air we breathe,

or when we touch our eyes, noses,

ili kad dodirujemo oči, nos

or mouths after touching a contaminated surface.

ili usta nakon pipanja kontaminirane površine.

Then, they face the respiratory tract’s first line defense:

Zatim se suočavaju sa prvom linijom odbrane respiratornog trakta:

the mucociliary escalator.

mukocilijarnim eskalatorom.

The mucociliary escalator consists of mucus that traps invaders and tiny hairs

Mukocilijarni eskalator se sastoji od sluzi koja hvata napadače i dlačica

called cilia that carry the mucus toward the mouth, where it can be coughed out.

koje se zovu cilije koje nose sluz ka ustima, gde može da se iskašlje.

But some of these invaders may get past the mucociliary escalator

Ali neki od ovih napadača mogu da prođu kroz mukocilijarni eskalator

into the lungs, where they meet the alveoli.

u pluća, gde sreću alveole.

Because alveoli serve as critical exchange points

Zbog toga što su alveole kritične tačke razmene

between the blood and air from the outside world,

između krvi i vazduha iz spoljnog sveta,

they have their own specialized types of white blood cells, or macrophages,

one imaju svoje specijalizovane tipove belih krvnih zrnaca ili makrofaga,

which defend against foreign organisms by enveloping and eating them.

koje se brane od stranih organizama tako što ih obaviju i pojedu.

When pathogens enter the lungs, the macrophages work to destroy them.

Kada patogeni uđu u pluća, makrofage rade na njihovom uništenju.

The immune system releases additional white blood cells in the alveoli to help.

Imuni sistem oslobađa dodatna bela krvna zrnca u alveolama za pomoć.

As these immune cells fight the pathogens, they generate inflammation—

Kako imune ćelije napadaju patogene, one izazivaju upalu—

and fluid as a by-product of the inflammation.

i tečnost kao nusprodukt upale.

When this fluid builds up,

Kada dođe do gomilanja tečnosti,

it makes gas exchange inside the alveoli much more difficult.

razmena gasova unutar alveola postaje otežana.

As the level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream begins to rise,

Kako nivo ugljen-dioksida u krvi počinje da raste,

the body breathes more quickly to try to clear it out and get more oxygen in.

telo diše brže kako bi ga izbacilo i unelo više kiseonika.

This rapid breathing is one of the most common symptoms of pneumonia.

Ubrzano disanje je jedan od najčešćih simptoma pneumonije.

The body also tries to force the fluid out of the alveoli through coughing.

Takođe, telo pokušava da izbaci tečnost iz alveola kroz kašalj.

Determining the cause of pneumonia can be difficult,

Utvrđivanje uzroka pneumonije može biti teško,

but once it is established, doctors can prescribe antibiotics,

ali kad se jednom utvrdi, lekari mogu da prepišu antibiotike,

which may include either antibacterial or antiviral treatments.

koji mogu uključivati antibakterijske ili antivirusne terapije.

Treatment with antibiotics helps the body get the infection under control.

Terapija antibioticima pomaže telu da drži infekciju pod kontrolom.

As the pathogen is cleared out,

Kada se patogen raščisti,

the body gradually expels or absorbs fluid and dead cells.

telo postepeno izbacuje ili apsorbuje tečnost i mrtve ćelije.

The worst symptoms typically fade out in about a week,

Najteži simptomi najčešće iščeznu za otprilike nedelju dana,

though full recovery may take as long as a month.

dok potpuni oporavak može da traje i mesec dana.

Otherwise healthy adults can often manage pneumonia at home.

Inače zdrave odrasle osobe mogu da leče pneumoniju kod kuće.

But for some groups, pneumonia can be a lot more severe,

Ali za neke grupe ljudi, pneumonija može biti mnogo teža,

requiring hospitalization and oxygen, artificial ventilation,

može da zahteva hospitalizaciju i kiseonik, mehaničku ventilaciju,

or other supportive measures while the body fights the infection.

i ostale mere podrške dok se telo bori protiv infekcije.

Smoking damages the cilia,

Pušenje oštećuje cilije,

making them less able to clear even the normal amount of mucus and secretions,

čineći ih manje sposobnim da očiste čak i normalne količine sluzi i sekreta,

let alone the increased volume associated with pneumonia.

a kamoli obimne količine povezane sa pneumonijom.

Genetic and autoimmune disorders

Genetski i autoimuni poremećaji

can make someone more susceptible to pathogens that can cause pneumonia.

mogu učiniti nekog podložnijim patogenima koji uzrokuju pneumoniju.

Young children and the elderly also have impaired clearance

Mala deca i starije osobe takođe imaju narušen klirens

and weaker immune systems.

i slabiji imuni sistem.

And if someone has viral pneumonia,

A, ako neko ima virusnu pneumoniju,

their risk of bacterial respiratory infection is higher.

njihov rizik od bakterijske respiratorne infekcije je visok.

Many of the deaths from pneumonia are due to lack of access to healthcare.

Mnogi smrtni slučajevi od pneumonije su zbog nedostatka zdravstvene zaštite.

But sometimes, even with appropriate care,

Ali ponekad, čak i uz adekvatnu negu,

the body enters a sustained fight against the infection it can’t maintain,

telo ulazi u neprekidnu borbu protiv infekcije koju ne može da obuzda,

activating inflammatory pathways throughout the body,

tako što aktivira upalne puteve u celom telu,

not just in the lungs.

ne samo u plućima.

This is actually a protective mechanism,

Ovo je u stvari zaštitni mehanizam,

but after too long in this state organs start shutting down,

ali nakon predugo vremena u ovom stanju organi počinju da se gase,

causing shock and sometimes death.

uzrokujući šok, a ponekad i smrt.

So how can we prevent pneumonia?

Kako onda možemo sprečiti pneumoniju?

Eating well and getting enough sleep and exercise

Dobra ishrana, dovoljno sna i vežbanje

helps your body fight off infections.

pomažu telu da se bori protiv infekcija.

Vaccines can protect against common pneumonia-causing pathogens,

Vakcine mogu da nas zaštite od uobičajenih patogena kod pneumonije,

while washing your hands regularly helps prevent the spread of these pathogens—

dok redovno pranje ruku pomaže u sprečavanju širenja ovih patogena—

and protect those most vulnerable to severe pneumonia.

i štiti one koji su najpodložniji teškoj pneumoniji.