Why is pneumonia so dangerous? - Eve Gaus and Vanessa Ruiz

2,283,886 views ใƒป 2020-11-30

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:07
Every time you breathe in, air travels down the trachea,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ด ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€์„œ
00:10
through a series of channels called bronchi,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜
00:12
and finally reaches little clusters of air sacs called alveoli.
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ํํฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
There are some 600 million alveoli in the lungs,
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ํ์—๋Š” ํํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 6์–ต ๊ฐœ ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:19
adding up to a surface area of roughly 75 square metersโ€”
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๋‹ค ๋ชจ์œผ๋ฉด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ด 75์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„๋กœ
00:23
the size of a tennis court.
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ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
These tiny sacs, only one cell thick, facilitate a crucial exchange:
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์„ธํฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‘๊ป˜์ธ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตํ™˜์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
allowing oxygen from the air we breathe into the bloodstream
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ ์‰ฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
00:32
and clearing out carbon dioxide.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์”ป์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
Pneumonia wreaks havoc on this exchange.
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ํ๋ ด์€ ์ด ๊ตํ™˜์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli that causes them to fill with fluid.
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ํ๋ ด์€ ํํฌ์— ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
There are many different kinds of pathogens that can cause pneumonia.
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ํ๋ ด์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
The most common ones are viruses or bacteria.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋‚˜ ์„ธ๊ท ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ด ์นจ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ด ๋•Œ, ๋˜๋Š”
00:50
These microscopic invaders enter the body via droplets either in the air we breathe,
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00:54
or when we touch our eyes, noses,
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์˜ค์—ผ๋œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋งŒ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ, ์ฝ”, ์ž…์„ ๋งŒ์งˆ ๋•Œ
00:56
or mouths after touching a contaminated surface.
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์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ชธ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
Then, they face the respiratory tractโ€™s first line defense:
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์˜ 1์ฐจ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์„ ์ธ
01:04
the mucociliary escalator.
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์ ์•ก ์„ฌ๋ชจ ์ž๋™ ๊ณ„๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋งž์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
The mucociliary escalator consists of mucus that traps invaders and tiny hairs
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์ ์•ก ์„ฌ๋ชจ ์ž๋™ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์€ ์นจ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋‘๋Š” ์ ์•ก๊ณผ
01:10
called cilia that carry the mucus toward the mouth, where it can be coughed out.
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์ ์•ก์„ ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํ„ธ๋“ค, ์ฆ‰ ์„ฌ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ 
์ ์•ก์€ ์ž…์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์นจ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
But some of these invaders may get past the mucociliary escalator
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์นจ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์ ์•ก ์„ฌ๋ชจ ์ž๋™ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜
01:18
into the lungs, where they meet the alveoli.
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ํ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ํํฌ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
Because alveoli serve as critical exchange points
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ํํฌ๋Š” ํ”ผ์™€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
01:24
between the blood and air from the outside world,
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๊ตํ™˜์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ์„œ
01:26
they have their own specialized types of white blood cells, or macrophages,
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ, ์ฆ‰ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
which defend against foreign organisms by enveloping and eating them.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์นจ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ํฌ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋จน๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
When pathogens enter the lungs, the macrophages work to destroy them.
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๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
The immune system releases additional white blood cells in the alveoli to help.
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํํฌ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
As these immune cells fight the pathogens, they generate inflammationโ€”
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์ด ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ,
์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
and fluid as a by-product of the inflammation.
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01:51
When this fluid builds up,
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์ด ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉด
01:53
it makes gas exchange inside the alveoli much more difficult.
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ํํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๊ตํ™˜์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
As the level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream begins to rise,
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ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด
02:00
the body breathes more quickly to try to clear it out and get more oxygen in.
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์ธ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ์ˆจ์„ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์‰ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
This rapid breathing is one of the most common symptoms of pneumonia.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€์œ ์ˆจ์€ ํ๋ ด์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ํ”ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
The body also tries to force the fluid out of the alveoli through coughing.
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์ธ์ฒด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์นจ์„ ํ•ด์„œ ํํฌ์˜ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
Determining the cause of pneumonia can be difficult,
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ํ๋ ด์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ
02:17
but once it is established, doctors can prescribe antibiotics,
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์ผ๋‹จ ํ๋ ด์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•ด
02:20
which may include either antibacterial or antiviral treatments.
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ํ•ญ๊ท  ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
Treatment with antibiotics helps the body get the infection under control.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
As the pathogen is cleared out,
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๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
02:31
the body gradually expels or absorbs fluid and dead cells.
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์ธ์ฒด๋Š” ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์•ก์ฒด์™€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
The worst symptoms typically fade out in about a week,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“  ์ฆ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€๋งŒ
02:38
though full recovery may take as long as a month.
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์™„์พŒ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
Otherwise healthy adults can often manage pneumonia at home.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ์€ ์ง‘์—์„œ ํ๋ ด์„ ์น˜์œ ํ•ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
But for some groups, pneumonia can be a lot more severe,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ํ๋ ด์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:48
requiring hospitalization and oxygen, artificial ventilation,
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๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šธ ๋•Œ ์ž…์›๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ,
์ธ๊ณต ํ˜ธํก ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์›์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
or other supportive measures while the body fights the infection.
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02:56
Smoking damages the cilia,
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ํก์—ฐ์€ ์„ฌ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ
02:58
making them less able to clear even the normal amount of mucus and secretions,
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ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์˜ ์ ์•ก๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
let alone the increased volume associated with pneumonia.
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ํ๋ ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ์–‘์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ์ณ๋‘๋”๋ผ๋„์š”.
03:05
Genetic and autoimmune disorders
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์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜, ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
03:07
can make someone more susceptible to pathogens that can cause pneumonia.
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ํ๋ ด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์— ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
Young children and the elderly also have impaired clearance
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์œ ์•„์™€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ 
03:14
and weaker immune systems.
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋„ ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
And if someone has viral pneumonia,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์„ฑ ํ๋ ด์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:18
their risk of bacterial respiratory infection is higher.
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์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
Many of the deaths from pneumonia are due to lack of access to healthcare.
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ํ๋ ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
But sometimes, even with appropriate care,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋„
03:28
the body enters a sustained fight against the infection it canโ€™t maintain,
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์ธ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ๋ฒ„ํ‹ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‹ธ์›€์„ ์ง€์†ํ•ด์„œ
03:33
activating inflammatory pathways throughout the body,
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ํ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด์— ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
not just in the lungs.
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03:38
This is actually a protective mechanism,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์žฅ์น˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ
03:40
but after too long in this state organs start shutting down,
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์ด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉด ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
03:44
causing shock and sometimes death.
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์‡ผํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
So how can we prevent pneumonia?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํ๋ ด์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:48
Eating well and getting enough sleep and exercise
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์ž˜ ๋จน๊ณ , ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ž๊ณ , ์šด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:51
helps your body fight off infections.
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์ธ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„๋ก ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
Vaccines can protect against common pneumonia-causing pathogens,
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ํ”ํ•œ ํ๋ ด ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ๋“ค์„ ๋ง‰์•„์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
while washing your hands regularly helps prevent the spread of these pathogensโ€”
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์†์„ ์ž˜ ์”ป์œผ๋ฉด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ 
04:01
and protect those most vulnerable to severe pneumonia.
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ๋ ด์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ฝํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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