Why is pneumonia so dangerous? - Eve Gaus and Vanessa Ruiz

2,478,803 views ใƒป 2020-11-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Every time you breathe in, air travels down the trachea,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืข ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืงื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
00:10
through a series of channels called bronchi,
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ื“ืจืš ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช,
00:12
and finally reaches little clusters of air sacs called alveoli.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช.
00:17
There are some 600 million alveoli in the lungs,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 600 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
00:19
adding up to a surface area of roughly 75 square metersโ€”
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ืฉืžืชื•ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 75 ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื --
00:23
the size of a tennis court.
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ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื˜ื ื™ืก.
00:25
These tiny sacs, only one cell thick, facilitate a crucial exchange:
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ื”ืฉืงื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”:
00:29
allowing oxygen from the air we breathe into the bloodstream
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ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื
00:32
and clearing out carbon dioxide.
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ื•ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
00:35
Pneumonia wreaks havoc on this exchange.
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ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
00:38
Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli that causes them to fill with fluid.
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ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ.
00:42
There are many different kinds of pathogens that can cause pneumonia.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช.
00:46
The most common ones are viruses or bacteria.
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ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื,
00:50
These microscopic invaders enter the body via droplets either in the air we breathe,
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00:54
or when we touch our eyes, noses,
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ืื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืฃ,
00:56
or mouths after touching a contaminated surface.
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ืื• ื‘ืคื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื’ืขื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื.
01:00
Then, they face the respiratory tractโ€™s first line defense:
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ืื–, ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”:
01:04
the mucociliary escalator.
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ื”ื“ืจื’ื ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ืงื•ืœืจื™.
01:06
The mucociliary escalator consists of mucus that traps invaders and tiny hairs
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ื”ื“ืจื’ื ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ืงื•ืœืจื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื•ืก ืฉืœื•ื›ื“ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
01:10
called cilia that carry the mucus toward the mouth, where it can be coughed out.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืกืœื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงื•ืก ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื”, ืฉื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
01:15
But some of these invaders may get past the mucociliary escalator
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืจื’ื ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ืงื•ืœืจื™
01:18
into the lungs, where they meet the alveoli.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืฉื ื”ื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช.
01:21
Because alveoli serve as critical exchange points
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
01:24
between the blood and air from the outside world,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
01:26
they have their own specialized types of white blood cells, or macrophages,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืื• ืžืืงืจื•ืคืื’โ€™ื™ื,
01:31
which defend against foreign organisms by enveloping and eating them.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืคืชื ื•ืื›ื™ืœืชื.
01:35
When pathogens enter the lungs, the macrophages work to destroy them.
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ื›ืฉืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืžืืงืจื•ืคืื’โ€™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื.
01:40
The immune system releases additional white blood cells in the alveoli to help.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื ืื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
01:45
As these immune cells fight the pathogens, they generate inflammationโ€”
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ื›ืฉืชืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื” ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื, ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื“ืœืงืช --
01:49
and fluid as a by-product of the inflammation.
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ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ืœืงื”.
01:51
When this fluid builds up,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:53
it makes gas exchange inside the alveoli much more difficult.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื™ื.
01:56
As the level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream begins to rise,
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ื›ืฉืจืžืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช,
02:00
the body breathes more quickly to try to clear it out and get more oxygen in.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืฉื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:05
This rapid breathing is one of the most common symptoms of pneumonia.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช.
02:09
The body also tries to force the fluid out of the alveoli through coughing.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื ืกื” ื’ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ.
02:14
Determining the cause of pneumonia can be difficult,
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ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื”,
02:17
but once it is established, doctors can prescribe antibiotics,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช, ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:20
which may include either antibacterial or antiviral treatments.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ื ืื• ืื ื˜ื™ ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื.
02:25
Treatment with antibiotics helps the body get the infection under control.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
02:29
As the pathogen is cleared out,
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืชืคื ื™ื,
02:31
the body gradually expels or absorbs fluid and dead cells.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืื• ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื•ืชืื™ื ืžืชื™ื.
02:35
The worst symptoms typically fade out in about a week,
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ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
02:38
though full recovery may take as long as a month.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœืžื” ืžืœืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืขื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
02:42
Otherwise healthy adults can often manage pneumonia at home.
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ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
02:45
But for some groups, pneumonia can be a lot more severe,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืจื”,
02:48
requiring hospitalization and oxygen, artificial ventilation,
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ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืฉืคื•ื– ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
02:52
or other supportive measures while the body fights the infection.
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ืื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื“ืœืงืช.
02:56
Smoking damages the cilia,
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ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืกื™ืœื™ื”,
02:58
making them less able to clear even the normal amount of mucus and secretions,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืงื•ืก ื•ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช,
03:02
let alone the increased volume associated with pneumonia.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืคื— ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:05
Genetic and autoimmune disorders
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ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช
03:07
can make someone more susceptible to pathogens that can cause pneumonia.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:11
Young children and the elderly also have impaired clearance
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช
03:14
and weaker immune systems.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:16
And if someone has viral pneumonia,
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ื•ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช,
03:18
their risk of bacterial respiratory infection is higher.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:22
Many of the deaths from pneumonia are due to lack of access to healthcare.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:26
But sometimes, even with appropriate care,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืื™ื,
03:28
the body enters a sustained fight against the infection it canโ€™t maintain,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ,
03:33
activating inflammatory pathways throughout the body,
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ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
03:36
not just in the lungs.
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:38
This is actually a protective mechanism,
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื”,
03:40
but after too long in this state organs start shutting down,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื‘ื•ืช,
03:44
causing shock and sometimes death.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื•ืง ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
03:46
So how can we prevent pneumonia?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช?
03:48
Eating well and getting enough sleep and exercise
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ืื›ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช
03:51
helps your body fight off infections.
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ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
03:54
Vaccines can protect against common pneumonia-causing pathogens,
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื,
03:57
while washing your hands regularly helps prevent the spread of these pathogensโ€”
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื—ื™ืฆืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
04:01
and protect those most vulnerable to severe pneumonia.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืืœื” ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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