The difference between classical and operant conditioning - Peggy Andover

Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

Prevodilac: Ivana Korom Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

When we think about learning,

Kada pomislimo na učenje,

we often picture students in a classroom or lecture hall,

često zamišljamo učenike u učionici ili sali za predavanja,

books open on their desks,

sa otvorenim knjigama na stolovima,

listening intently to a teacher or professor

kako pažljivo slušaju učitelja ili profesora

in the front of the room.

na čelu prostorije.

But in psychology, learning means something else.

Međutim, u psihologiji učenje označava nešto drugo.

To psychologists, learning is a long-term change in behavior

Za psihologe, učenje je dugotrajna promena ponašanja

that's based on experience.

zasnovana na iskustvu.

Two of the main types of learning are called

Dve glavne vrste učenja zovu se

classical conditioning

klasično uslovljavanje

and operant, or instrumental, conditioning.

i operantno ili instrumentalno uslovljavanje.

Let's talk about classical conditioning first.

Hajde da prvo govorimo o klasičnom uslovljavanju.

In the 1890's, a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov

Tokom 1890-ih, ruski fiziolog po imenu Ivan Pavlov

did some really famous experiments on dogs.

sproveo je poznate eksperimente na psima.

He showed dogs some food

Pokazao je psima hranu

and rang a bell at the same time.

i istovremeno zazvonio zvonom.

After a while, the dogs would associate the bell with the food.

Posle nekog vremena, psi bi povezali zvono sa hranom.

They would learn that when they heard the bell,

Naučili bi da će, kada čuju zvono,

they would get fed.

biti nahranjeni.

Eventually, just ringing the bell

Na kraju je samo zvonjenje zvona

made the dogs salivate.

činilo da psi luče pljuvačku.

They learned to expect food at the sound of a bell.

Naučili su da očekuju hranu na zvuk zvona.

You see, under normal conditions,

Vidite, u normalnim okolostima,

the sight and smell of food causes a dog to salivate.

prizor hrane i njen miris dovode do toga da pas luči pljuvačku.

We call the food an unconditioned stimulus,

Hranu nazivamo bezuslovnim stimulusom,

and we call salivation the unconditioned response.

a lučenje pljuvačke nazivamo bezuslovnim odgovorom.

Nobody trains a dog to salivate over some steak.

Niko ne trenira psa da luči pljuvačku nad šniclom.

However, when we pair an unconditioned stimulus like food

Međutim, kada uparimo bezuslovni stimulus kao što je hrana,

with something that was previously neutral,

sa nečim što je prethodno bilo neutralno,

like the sound of a bell,

kao što je zvuk zvona,

that neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.

taj neutralni stimulus postaje uslovni stimulus.

And so classical conditioning was discovered.

I tako je otkriveno klasično uslovljavanje.

We see how this works with animals,

Vidimo kako to funkcioniše sa životinjama,

but how does it work with humans?

ali kako funkcioniše sa ljudima?

In exactly the same way.

Na potpuno isti način.

Let's say that one day you go to the doctor to get a shot.

Recimo da jednog dana idete kod lekara na vakcinu.

She says, "Don't worry, this won't hurt a bit,"

Ona kaže: "Ne brinite, neće uopšte boleti."

and then gives you the most painful shot you've ever had.

I onda vam da najbolniju vakcinu do tada.

A few weeks later you go to the dentist for a check-up.

Nekoliko nedelja kasnije idete kod zubara na pregled.

He starts to put a mirror in your mouth

On krene da vam stavi ogledalce u usta

to examine your teeth,

da vam pregleda zube,

and he says, "Don't worry, this won't hurt a bit."

i kaže: "Ne brinite, ovo uopšte neće boleti."

Even though you know the mirror won't hurt,

Iako znate da ogledalo neće boleti,

you jump out of the chair and run,

vi skočite sa stolice

i vrišteći pobegnete iz prostorije.

screaming from the room.

When you went to get a shot,

Kada ste išli na vakcinu,

the words, "This won't hurt a bit,"

reči "Ovo neće nimalo boleti"

became a conditioned stimulus

su postale uslovni stimulus

when they were paired with pain of the shot,

kada su povezane sa bolom vakcine,

the unconditioned stimulus,

bezuslovnim stimulusom,

which was followed by your conditioned response

koji je praćen vašim uslovnim odgovorom

of getting the heck out of there.

da pobegnete što dalje odatle.

Classical conditioning in action.

Klasično uslovljavanje na delu.

Operant conditioning explains how consequences

Operantno uslovljavanje objašnjava kako posledice

lead to changes in voluntary behavior.

dovode do promena u voljnom ponašanju.

So how does operant conditioning work?

Kako ono funkcioniše?

There are two main components in operant conditioning:

U operantnom uslovljavanju postoje dve glavne komponente:

reinforcement and punishment.

nagrada i kazna.

Reinforcers make it more likely

Nagrade čine verovatnijim

that you'll do something again,

da ćete nešto ponovo uraditi,

while punishers make it less likely.

dok kazne to čine manje verovatnim.

Reinforcement and punishment can be positive or negative,

Nagrade i kazne mogu biti pozitivne i negativne,

but this doesn't mean good and bad.

ali to ne znači dobre i loše.

Positive means the addition of a stimulus,

Pozitivno znači dodavanje stimulusa,

like getting dessert after you finish your veggies,

kao dobijanje dezerta kad pojedete povrće,

and negative means the removal of a stimulus,

a negativno znači otklanjanje stimulusa,

like getting a night of no homework

kao što je veče oslobođeno domaćeg,

because you did well on an exam.

jer ste dobro prošli na ispitu.

Let's look at an example of operant conditioning.

Pogledajmo primer operantnog uslovljavanja.

After eating dinner with your family,

Posle večere sa porodicom,

you clear the table and wash the dishes.

očistite sto i operete sudove.

When you're done, your mom gives you a big hug

Kada završite, mama vas zagrli

and says, "Thank you for helping me."

i kaže: "Hvala što si mi pomogao."

In this situation, your mom's response

U ovoj situaciji, odgovor vaše mame

is positive reinforcement if it makes you more likely

je pozitivna nagrada ako je verovatnije

to repeat the operant response,

da ćete na taj način ponoviti operantni odgovor,

which is to clear the table and wash the dishes.

tj. raspremanje stola i pranje sudova.

Operant conditioning is everywhere in our daily lives.

Operantno uslovljavanje se nalazi svuda oko nas.

There aren't many things we do

Ne postoji mnogo stvari koje radimo,

that haven't been influenced at some point

a koje nisu u nekom trenutku

by operant conditioning.

bile pod uticajem operantnog uslovljavanja.

We even see operant conditioning

Ovo uslovljavanje čak vidimo

in some extraordinary situations.

i u nekim neobičnim situacijama.

One group of scientists showed the power

Jedna grupa naučnika pokazala je moć

of operant conditioning

operantnog uslovljavanja

by teaching pigeons to be art connoisseurs.

učeći golubove da budu umetnički kritičari.

Using food as a positive reinforcer,

Koristeći hranu kao pozitivnu nagradu,

scientists have taught pigeons

naučnici su naučili golubove

to select paintings by Monet

da izaberu slike Monea,

over those by Picasso.

a ne Pikasa.

When showed works of other artists,

Kada su pokazali dela drugih umetnika,

scientists observed stimulus generalization

naučnici su posmatrali generalizaciju stimulusa

as the pigeons chose the Impressionists

dok su golubovi birali impresioniste

over the Cubists.

radije nego kubiste.

Maybe next they'll condition the pigeons

Možda će uskoro usloviti golubove

to paint their own masterpieces.

da slikaju sopstvena remek dela.