The difference between classical and operant conditioning - Peggy Andover

Razlika između klasičnog i operantnog uvjetovanja - Peggy Andover

Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

Prevoditelj: Martina Valković Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

When we think about learning,

Kada mislimo o učenju,

we often picture students in a classroom or lecture hall,

često zamišljamo učenike u učionici ili dvorani, njihove

books open on their desks,

otvorene knjige na klupama,

listening intently to a teacher or professor

pažljivo slušaju učitelja ili profesora

in the front of the room.

u prednjem dijelu predavaonice.

But in psychology, learning means something else.

No, u psihologiji, učenje znači nešto drugo.

To psychologists, learning is a long-term change in behavior

Psiholozima je učenje dugotrajna promjena u ponašanju

that's based on experience.

utemeljena na iskustvu.

Two of the main types of learning are called

Dvije glavne vrste učenja nazivaju se

classical conditioning

klasično uvjetovanje

and operant, or instrumental, conditioning.

i operantno ili instrumentalno uvjetovanje.

Let's talk about classical conditioning first.

Razmotrimo prvo klasično uvjetovanje.

In the 1890's, a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov

U 1890-im godinama, ruski fiziolog Ivan Pavlov

did some really famous experiments on dogs.

izvršio je slavne eksperimente nad psima.

He showed dogs some food

Pokazao je psima hranu

and rang a bell at the same time.

i istovremeno zazvonio zvoncem.

After a while, the dogs would associate the bell with the food.

Nakon nekog vremena, psi su povezivali zvuk zvona s hranom.

They would learn that when they heard the bell,

Naučili bi da, kad čuju zvono,

they would get fed.

bit će nahranjeni.

Eventually, just ringing the bell

Na kraju, sam zvuk zvona je uzrokovao

made the dogs salivate.

jače lučenje sline kod pasa.

They learned to expect food at the sound of a bell.

Naučili su da očekuju hranu kad začuju zvono.

You see, under normal conditions,

U normalnim okolnostima,

the sight and smell of food causes a dog to salivate.

prizor i miris hrane uzrokuje slinjenje pasa.

We call the food an unconditioned stimulus,

Hranu nazivamo neuvjetovanim podražajem,

and we call salivation the unconditioned response.

a lučenje sline neuvjetovanim odgovorom.

Nobody trains a dog to salivate over some steak.

Nitko ne uči psa da slini pred odreskom.

However, when we pair an unconditioned stimulus like food

No, kada uparimo neuvjetovan podražaj poput hrane

with something that was previously neutral,

s nečim što je prethodno bilo neutralno,

like the sound of a bell,

poput zvuka zvona,

that neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.

taj neutralni podražaj postaje uvjetovani podražaj.

And so classical conditioning was discovered.

I tako je otkriveno klasično uvjetovanje.

We see how this works with animals,

Vidimo kako ono funkcionira na životinjama,

but how does it work with humans?

no kako funkcionira na ljudima?

In exactly the same way.

Na posve jednak način.

Let's say that one day you go to the doctor to get a shot.

Recimo da jedan dan idete kod doktorice na cijepljenje.

She says, "Don't worry, this won't hurt a bit,"

Ona kaže: "Ne brinite, neće nimalo boljeti",

and then gives you the most painful shot you've ever had.

a zatim vam da najbolniju inekciju u vašem životu.

A few weeks later you go to the dentist for a check-up.

Nekoliko tjedana kasnije, idete kod zubara na pregled.

He starts to put a mirror in your mouth

Stavi vam ogledalce u usta

to examine your teeth,

kako bi vam pregledao zube,

and he says, "Don't worry, this won't hurt a bit."

a zatim kaže: "Ne brinite, neće nimalo boljeti".

Even though you know the mirror won't hurt,

Iako znate da ogledalce neće boljeti,

you jump out of the chair and run,

iskočite sa stolca i vrišteći

screaming from the room.

istrčite iz sobe.

When you went to get a shot,

Kada ste bili na cijepljenju,

the words, "This won't hurt a bit,"

riječi "neće nimalo boljeti"

became a conditioned stimulus

postale su uvjetovani podražaj

when they were paired with pain of the shot,

kada su bile uparene s bolnom inekcijom,

the unconditioned stimulus,

neuvjetovanim podražajem,

which was followed by your conditioned response

kojeg je slijedio vaš uvjetovani odgovor

of getting the heck out of there.

bježanja.

Classical conditioning in action.

Klasično uvjetovanje u akciji.

Operant conditioning explains how consequences

Operantno uvjetovanje objašnjava kako posljedice

lead to changes in voluntary behavior.

vode do promjena u voljnom ponašanju.

So how does operant conditioning work?

Kako funkcionira operantno uvjetovanje?

There are two main components in operant conditioning:

Dvije su glavne komponente operantnog uvjetovanja:

reinforcement and punishment.

poticanje i kazna.

Reinforcers make it more likely

Poticatelji čine vjerojatnijom

that you'll do something again,

ponovnu pojavu ponašanja,

while punishers make it less likely.

dok je kazne čine manje vjerojatnom.

Reinforcement and punishment can be positive or negative,

Poticanje i kazna mogu biti pozitivni ili negativni,

but this doesn't mean good and bad.

no to ne znači dobri i loši.

Positive means the addition of a stimulus,

Pozitivno znači da zadaju podražaj,

like getting dessert after you finish your veggies,

poput deserta nakon pojedene porcije povrća,

and negative means the removal of a stimulus,

a negativno da uklanjaju podražaj,

like getting a night of no homework

poput oslobađanja od zadaće

because you did well on an exam.

jer ste dobro riješili ispit.

Let's look at an example of operant conditioning.

Pogledajmo jedan primjer operantnog uvjetovanja.

After eating dinner with your family,

Nakon večere s vašom obitelji,

you clear the table and wash the dishes.

pospremate stol i perete posuđe.

When you're done, your mom gives you a big hug

Kada ste gotovi, vaša mama vas zagrli

and says, "Thank you for helping me."

i kaže: "Hvala na pomoći".

In this situation, your mom's response

U ovoj situaciji, odgovor vaše majke

is positive reinforcement if it makes you more likely

je pozitivan poticaj ako čini vjerojatnijim

to repeat the operant response,

da ćete ponoviti operantni odgovor,

which is to clear the table and wash the dishes.

to jest pospremiti stol i oprati posuđe.

Operant conditioning is everywhere in our daily lives.

Operantno uvjetovanje nalazimo svugdje u našim svakodnevnim životima.

There aren't many things we do

Nema mnogo stvari kojih činimo

that haven't been influenced at some point

a da nekad nisu bile pod utjecajem

by operant conditioning.

operantnog uvjetovanja.

We even see operant conditioning

Operantno uvjetovanje nalazimo čak i

in some extraordinary situations.

u nekim izvanrednim situacijama.

One group of scientists showed the power

Jedna je grupa znanstvenika pokazala moć

of operant conditioning

ovakvog uvjetovanja

by teaching pigeons to be art connoisseurs.

naučivši golubove da budu poznavatelji umjetnosti.

Using food as a positive reinforcer,

Koristeći hranu kao pozitivni poticaj,

scientists have taught pigeons

naučili su golubove

to select paintings by Monet

da odabiru Monetove

over those by Picasso.

umjesto Picassovih slika.

When showed works of other artists,

Kada su im prikazali djela drugih umjetnika,

scientists observed stimulus generalization

znanstvenici su opazili generalizaciju podražaja

as the pigeons chose the Impressionists

jer su golubovi birali impresioniste

over the Cubists.

radije nego kubiste.

Maybe next they'll condition the pigeons

Možda je sljedeće naučiti golubove

to paint their own masterpieces.

da slikaju vlastita remek-djela.