The difference between classical and operant conditioning - Peggy Andover

经典条件反射和操作性条件反射的区别 - 佩吉·安多弗

Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

翻译人员: Peipei Xiang 校对人员: Jenny Yang

When we think about learning,

当我们想到学习，

we often picture students in a classroom or lecture hall,

我们通常想到学生在教室或报告厅的画面，

books open on their desks,

摊开在桌子上的课本，

listening intently to a teacher or professor

认真地听着前面的老师或教授授课。

in the front of the room.

But in psychology, learning means something else.

但是在心理学里面，学习则是另一回事。

To psychologists, learning is a long-term change in behavior

对心理学家而言，

学习是基于体验的长期的行为改变。

that's based on experience.

Two of the main types of learning are called

学习的两大主要类型为

classical conditioning

经典条件性反射

and operant, or instrumental, conditioning.

和操作性条件反射。

Let's talk about classical conditioning first.

我们先来说说经典条件反射。

In the 1890's, a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov

在1890年代，一个名为伊万·巴甫洛夫的 俄罗斯生理学家

did some really famous experiments on dogs.

在狗身上做了非常著名的实验。

He showed dogs some food

他在给狗食物的同时

and rang a bell at the same time.

也响了响铃当。

After a while, the dogs would associate the bell with the food.

不久以后，这些狗就将食物和铃当联系起来。

They would learn that when they heard the bell,

它们明白了当有铃声响起的时候，

they would get fed.

它们就会有吃的。

Eventually, just ringing the bell

最后，只要铃声一响，

made the dogs salivate.

这些狗就开始分泌唾液。

They learned to expect food at the sound of a bell.

它们觉得有铃声就应该有食物。

You see, under normal conditions,

我们知道，在通常情况下，

the sight and smell of food causes a dog to salivate.

只有看到闻到食物，狗才会分泌唾液，

We call the food an unconditioned stimulus,

我们称食物为无条件刺激，

and we call salivation the unconditioned response.

我们称分泌唾液为无条件反射。

Nobody trains a dog to salivate over some steak.

没有人需要教一只狗如何在看到牛排时分泌唾液。

However, when we pair an unconditioned stimulus like food

然而，当我们将一个无条件刺激，比如食物，

with something that was previously neutral,

和一个原来是中性的东西，比如铃声， 联结起来的时候，

like the sound of a bell,

that neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.

那个中性的刺激物变成了条件刺激。

And so classical conditioning was discovered.

于是经典条件反射理论诞生了。

We see how this works with animals,

我们可以看到它在动物身上的应用，

but how does it work with humans?

应用到人身上是怎样的？

In exactly the same way.

也是完全一样的。

Let's say that one day you go to the doctor to get a shot.

比如某一天你去医生那里打针，

She says, "Don't worry, this won't hurt a bit,"

她说：“不要怕，这一点都不会疼”，

and then gives you the most painful shot you've ever had.

然后她给你打了你这辈子打过的最疼的一针。

A few weeks later you go to the dentist for a check-up.

几个星期以后，你去一个牙医那里检查，

He starts to put a mirror in your mouth

他开始把一个镜子放在你的嘴巴里

to examine your teeth,

来检查你的牙齿，

and he says, "Don't worry, this won't hurt a bit."

他说：“不要怕，这一点都不会疼”。

Even though you know the mirror won't hurt,

虽然你知道这个镜子不会让你疼，

you jump out of the chair and run,

你却立马从椅子上跳起来撒腿就跑，

screaming from the room.

边跑边叫。

When you went to get a shot,

当你去打针的时候，

the words, "This won't hurt a bit,"

“这一点都不会疼”的字眼

became a conditioned stimulus

成为了一个条件刺激，

when they were paired with pain of the shot,

跟打针的疼痛联结在一起，

the unconditioned stimulus,

打针的疼痛则是无条件刺激，

which was followed by your conditioned response

于是就有了你的条件反射，

of getting the heck out of there.

也就是跑得远远的。

Classical conditioning in action.

经典条件反射进行时。

Operant conditioning explains how consequences

操作性条件反射解释的是

结果如何导致自愿的行为改变。

lead to changes in voluntary behavior.

So how does operant conditioning work?

那操作性条件反射是怎么一回事呢？

There are two main components in operant conditioning:

操作性条件反射主要有两个组成部分：

reinforcement and punishment.

强化和惩罚。

Reinforcers make it more likely

强化让你更可能

that you'll do something again,

重复某一行为，

while punishers make it less likely.

而惩罚则相反。

Reinforcement and punishment can be positive or negative,

强化和惩罚可以是积极的也可以是消极的，

but this doesn't mean good and bad.

但这不是指好和坏。

Positive means the addition of a stimulus,

积极指的是增加某一刺激，

like getting dessert after you finish your veggies,

比如在你吃完蔬菜后给你甜品，

and negative means the removal of a stimulus,

消极指的是去除某一刺激，

like getting a night of no homework

比如因为你考试成绩好而给你取消作业。

because you did well on an exam.

Let's look at an example of operant conditioning.

让我们来看一个操作性条件反射的例子。

After eating dinner with your family,

你跟你的家人用完晚餐后，

you clear the table and wash the dishes.

你收拾了桌子，洗了碗筷。

When you're done, your mom gives you a big hug

你做好这些以后，你的妈妈给了你一个大大的拥抱，

and says, "Thank you for helping me."

说：”谢谢你帮我。“

In this situation, your mom's response

在这个情景里面，你妈妈的回应

is positive reinforcement if it makes you more likely

是积极的强化——

如果你以后更可能重复那个操作性反应，

to repeat the operant response,

which is to clear the table and wash the dishes.

也就是收拾桌子和洗碗筷。

Operant conditioning is everywhere in our daily lives.

操作性条件反射在我们的日常生活中随处可见。

There aren't many things we do

我们做的事情里面很少

that haven't been influenced at some point

有不被操作性条件反射影响过的。

by operant conditioning.

We even see operant conditioning

我们甚至见过一些不寻常的 操作性条件反射的例子。

in some extraordinary situations.

One group of scientists showed the power

一群科学家们向我们展示了

操作性条件反射的力量——

of operant conditioning

by teaching pigeons to be art connoisseurs.

他们训练鸽子为艺术鉴赏家。

Using food as a positive reinforcer,

通过把食物作为积极强化物，

scientists have taught pigeons

科学家们教会了鸽子

to select paintings by Monet

选择莫奈的画

over those by Picasso.

而非毕加索的画。

When showed works of other artists,

当这些鸽子看到其他艺术家的画时，

scientists observed stimulus generalization

科学家们观察到刺激泛化，

as the pigeons chose the Impressionists

这些鸽子选择了印象派的画，

over the Cubists.

而非立体派的画。

Maybe next they'll condition the pigeons

也许接下来他们可以训练鸽子

to paint their own masterpieces.

画出它们自己的杰作。