The difference between classical and operant conditioning - Peggy Andover

Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

Translator: Devita Ratna Reviewer: Made Pramana

When we think about learning,

Ketika mendengar kata “belajar”,

we often picture students in a classroom or lecture hall,

kita membayangkan siswa di ruang kelas atau perkuliahan,

books open on their desks,

buku terbuka di atas meja,

listening intently to a teacher or professor

menyimak pengajarnya dengan intens

in the front of the room.

di muka ruangan.

But in psychology, learning means something else.

Namun dalam psikologi, belajar memiliki arti yang lain.

To psychologists, learning is a long-term change in behavior

Bagi psikolog, belajar adalah perubahan perilaku jangka panjang

that's based on experience.

berdasarkan pengalaman.

Two of the main types of learning are called

Dua tipe belajar ini disebut

classical conditioning

pengondisian klasik

and operant, or instrumental, conditioning.

dan pengondisian operan/instrumental.

Let's talk about classical conditioning first.

Mari bahas pengondisian klasik dahulu.

In the 1890's, a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov

Pada tahun 1980, psikolog Rusia bernama Ivan Pavlov

did some really famous experiments on dogs.

melakukan percobaan yang sangat terkenal kepada anjing.

He showed dogs some food

Ia memberi makanan ke anjing

and rang a bell at the same time.

sambil membunyikan lonceng.

After a while, the dogs would associate the bell with the food.

Kemudian anjing itu akan mengasosiasikan bunyi lonceng dan makanan.

They would learn that when they heard the bell,

Ia akan belajar, saat ia dengar lonceng,

they would get fed.

ia akan dapat makanan.

Eventually, just ringing the bell

Akhirnya, cukup bunyikan lonceng

made the dogs salivate.

untuk membuat anjing berliur.

They learned to expect food at the sound of a bell.

Anjing akan mengharapkan makanan ketika mendengar bunyi lonceng.

You see, under normal conditions,

Sedangkan pada kondisi normal,

the sight and smell of food causes a dog to salivate.

penampakan dan aroma makananlah yang membuat anjing mengeluarkan liur.

Kita sebut makanan sebagai unconditioned stimulus,

We call the food an unconditioned stimulus,

and we call salivation the unconditioned response.

dan keluarnya air liur sebagai unconditioned response.

Nobody trains a dog to salivate over some steak.

Anjing tak diajari untuk mengeluarkan liur saat melihat daging steak.

However, when we pair an unconditioned stimulus like food

Namun, saat kita menghadirkan unconditioned stimulus seperti makanan

with something that was previously neutral,

dengan benda atau stimulus yang netral,

like the sound of a bell,

seperti bunyi lonceng,

that neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.

stimulus yang semula netral akan menjadi conditioned stimulus.

And so classical conditioning was discovered.

Begitulah pengondisian klasik ditemukan.

We see how this works with animals,

Kita bisa lihat ini terjadi pada hewan,

but how does it work with humans?

tapi bagaimana dengan manusia?

In exactly the same way.

Dengan cara yang sama pula.

Let's say that one day you go to the doctor to get a shot.

Misalnya suatu hari Anda pergi ke dokter untuk disuntik.

She says, "Don't worry, this won't hurt a bit,"

Lalu dokter itu berkata, “Jangan khawatir, ini tak akan sakit,”

and then gives you the most painful shot you've ever had.

lalu ia memberikan suntikan yang paling sakit yang pernah Anda alami.

A few weeks later you go to the dentist for a check-up.

Lalu beberapa minggu kemudian Anda periksa ke dokter gigi.

He starts to put a mirror in your mouth

Ia taruh cermin di depan Anda

to examine your teeth,

untuk memeriksa gigi Anda,

and he says, "Don't worry, this won't hurt a bit."

lalu berkata “Jangan khawatir, ini tak akan sakit.”

Even though you know the mirror won't hurt,

Meski Anda tahu bahwa itu tak menyakiti,

you jump out of the chair and run,

tapi Anda melompat lalu kabur

screaming from the room.

sambil berteriak menghambur pergi.

When you went to get a shot,

Saat Anda disuntik,

the words, "This won't hurt a bit,"

kalimat, “Jangan khawatir, ini tak akan sakit,”

became a conditioned stimulus

menjadi conditioned stimulus

when they were paired with pain of the shot,

saat kalimat itu diiringi suntikan

the unconditioned stimulus,

atau unconditioned stimulus,

which was followed by your conditioned response

akan menimbulkan conditioned response

of getting the heck out of there.

untuk pergi dari sana.

Classical conditioning in action.

Contoh pengondisian klasik.

Pengondisian operan menjelaskan konsekuensi

Operant conditioning explains how consequences

lead to changes in voluntary behavior.

menyebabkan perubahan perilaku secara volunter.

So how does operant conditioning work?

Lantas bagaimana pengondisian operan bekerja?

There are two main components in operant conditioning:

Terdapat dua komponen dalam pengondisian operan:

reinforcement and punishment.

penguatan dan hukuman.

Reinforcers make it more likely

Penguatan membuat Anda

that you'll do something again,

lebih mungkin untuk mengulangnya,

while punishers make it less likely.

sedangkan hukuman memperkecil kemungkinan itu.

Reinforcement and punishment can be positive or negative,

Penguatan dan hukuman dapat berupa hal positif maupun negatif,

but this doesn't mean good and bad.

namun bukan berarti baik atau buruk.

Positive means the addition of a stimulus,

Positif berarti pemberian stimulus,

like getting dessert after you finish your veggies,

seperti hidangan penutup setelah makan sayuran,

and negative means the removal of a stimulus,

dan negatif berarti penghilangan stimulus,

like getting a night of no homework

seperti hadiah berupa tak diberi PR

because you did well on an exam.

karena Anda telah berhasil dalam ujian.

Let's look at an example of operant conditioning.

Mari lihat contoh pengondisian operan.

After eating dinner with your family,

Setelah makan malam bersama keluarga,

you clear the table and wash the dishes.

Anda membersihkan meja dan mencuci piring.

When you're done, your mom gives you a big hug

Saat selesai, ibu Anda memberikan pelukan

and says, "Thank you for helping me."

dan berkata, “Terima kasih sudah membantu ibu.”

In this situation, your mom's response

Saat itu, respons dari ibu Anda merupakan

is positive reinforcement if it makes you more likely

penguatan positif jika itu membuat Anda merasa ingin

to repeat the operant response,

untuk mengulangi respons operan,

which is to clear the table and wash the dishes.

berupa membantu membersihkan meja dan mencuci piring.

Operant conditioning is everywhere in our daily lives.

Pengondisian operan terjadi di manapun dalam keseharian kita.

There aren't many things we do

Tak ada hal yang kita lakukan

that haven't been influenced at some point

yang tidak dipengaruhi

by operant conditioning.

oleh pengondisian operan.

We even see operant conditioning

Kita bahkan lihat pengondisian operan

in some extraordinary situations.

pada situasi-situasi luar biasa.

One group of scientists showed the power

Sekelompok ilmuwan menunjukkan kekuatan dari

of operant conditioning

pengondisian operan

by teaching pigeons to be art connoisseurs.

dengan mengajari merpati untuk menjadi penikmat seni.

Using food as a positive reinforcer,

Dengan makanan sebagai penguat positif,

scientists have taught pigeons

ilmuwan mengajari merpati itu

to select paintings by Monet

untuk memilih lukisan karya Monet

over those by Picasso.

ketimbang karya Picasso.

When showed works of other artists,

Saat ditunjukkan karya dari seniman lain,

scientists observed stimulus generalization

ilmuwan mengamati generalisasi stimulus

as the pigeons chose the Impressionists

saat merpati memilih Impressionists

over the Cubists.

dibandingkan Cubists.

Maybe next they'll condition the pigeons

Mungkin nanti mereka akan mengajari

to paint their own masterpieces.

merpati untuk melukis mahakarya sendiri.