The difference between classical and operant conditioning - Peggy Andover

Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Amanda Zhu

When we think about learning,

說到學習，我們通常會想到 學生坐在教室或講堂裡，

we often picture students in a classroom or lecture hall,

books open on their desks,

桌上是打開的書本，認真 聽著前面的老師或教授講課。

listening intently to a teacher or professor

in the front of the room.

But in psychology, learning means something else.

但在心理學中，學習有不同的意義。

To psychologists, learning is a long-term change in behavior

對心理學家而言，學習是根據經驗

that's based on experience.

所造成行為上的長期改變。

Two of the main types of learning are called

兩種主要的學習類型是古典制約

classical conditioning

以及操作制約，或稱工具性制約。

and operant, or instrumental, conditioning.

Let's talk about classical conditioning first.

咱們先來談古典制約。

In the 1890's, a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov

1890 年代，

俄國生理學家伊凡巴夫洛夫 對狗進行了一項知名的實驗。

did some really famous experiments on dogs.

He showed dogs some food

他把食物給狗的同時也會搖鈴。

and rang a bell at the same time.

After a while, the dogs would associate the bell with the food.

一段時間後，狗就會 把鈴聲和食物連結起來，

They would learn that when they heard the bell,

進而學到：聽到鈴聲時就有東西吃。

they would get fed.

Eventually, just ringing the bell

最後，單是搖鈴就會讓狗流口水。

made the dogs salivate.

They learned to expect food at the sound of a bell.

牠們聽到鈴聲時就預期會有食物。

You see, under normal conditions,

在正常狀況下，

the sight and smell of food causes a dog to salivate.

看見和聞到食物會讓狗流口水。

We call the food an unconditioned stimulus,

我們把食物稱為非制約刺激，

and we call salivation the unconditioned response.

把流口水稱為非制約反應。

Nobody trains a dog to salivate over some steak.

狗不用訓練就會對著牛排流口水。

However, when we pair an unconditioned stimulus like food

然而，當我們把非制約刺激 ——即實驗中的食物——

with something that was previously neutral,

和原本中性的東西 ——即實驗中的鈴聲——

like the sound of a bell,

配對起來，

that neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.

該中性刺激就會變成制約刺激。

And so classical conditioning was discovered.

於是，他發現了古典制約。

We see how this works with animals,

我們能了解動物的古典制約，

but how does it work with humans?

但在人類身上會是什麼樣子？

In exactly the same way.

完全一樣。

Let's say that one day you go to the doctor to get a shot.

比如，有天你去找醫生幫你打針，

She says, "Don't worry, this won't hurt a bit,"

她說：「別擔心，一點也不會痛。」

and then gives you the most painful shot you've ever had.

接著幫你打了你這輩子最痛的一針。

A few weeks later you go to the dentist for a check-up.

幾週後，你去牙科檢查牙齒。

He starts to put a mirror in your mouth

他把鏡子伸進你的嘴裡 以查看你的牙齒，

to examine your teeth,

and he says, "Don't worry, this won't hurt a bit."

他說：「別擔心，一點也不會痛。」

Even though you know the mirror won't hurt,

即使你知道鏡子不會讓你痛，

you jump out of the chair and run,

你還是從椅子上跳起來， 尖叫著衝出診間。

screaming from the room.

When you went to get a shot,

你先前去打針時，

the words, "This won't hurt a bit,"

「一點也不會痛」這句話

became a conditioned stimulus

和打針痛感的非制約刺激配對結合，

when they were paired with pain of the shot,

the unconditioned stimulus,

變成了制約刺激。

which was followed by your conditioned response

接續的是你的制約反應 「快離開那裡」。

of getting the heck out of there.

Classical conditioning in action.

這就是古典制約在運作。

操作制約能說明行為的後果 如何導致自願性的行為改變。

Operant conditioning explains how consequences

lead to changes in voluntary behavior.

So how does operant conditioning work?

那操作制約又是怎麼回事？

There are two main components in operant conditioning:

操作制約有兩個主要元素：

reinforcement and punishment.

增強和懲罰。

Reinforcers make it more likely

增強物會讓你再做 同一件事的可能性增加，

that you'll do something again,

while punishers make it less likely.

懲罰物則相反。

Reinforcement and punishment can be positive or negative,

增強和懲罰都有正面和負面兩種，

but this doesn't mean good and bad.

但不等同於好與壞。

Positive means the addition of a stimulus,

正面表示增加刺激，

like getting dessert after you finish your veggies,

比如吃完蔬菜就可以得到甜點，

and negative means the removal of a stimulus,

負面表示拿掉刺激，

like getting a night of no homework

比如考試成績良好就有一天 不用寫回家功課。

because you did well on an exam.

Let's look at an example of operant conditioning.

咱們來看看操作制約的例子。

After eating dinner with your family,

和家人共進晚餐之後，

you clear the table and wash the dishes.

你整理了餐桌也洗了碗盤。

When you're done, your mom gives you a big hug

做完之後，母親給你一個大擁抱， 說：「謝謝你幫我。」

and says, "Thank you for helping me."

In this situation, your mom's response

在這個情況中，

母親的反應就是正面的增強，

is positive reinforcement if it makes you more likely

因為她的反應讓你更有可能 重覆你的操作反應，

to repeat the operant response,

which is to clear the table and wash the dishes.

即整理餐桌和洗碗盤。

Operant conditioning is everywhere in our daily lives.

在我們的日常生活中， 操作制約處處可見。

There aren't many things we do

我們做的事大多都受過 操作制約的影響。

that haven't been influenced at some point

by operant conditioning.

We even see operant conditioning

我們甚至會在一些不尋常的 情況中看到操作制約。

in some extraordinary situations.

One group of scientists showed the power

有一群科學家藉由 訓練鴿子成為藝術鑑賞家，

of operant conditioning

by teaching pigeons to be art connoisseurs.

來展示操作制約有多強大。

Using food as a positive reinforcer,

科學家用食物當正面增強物，

scientists have taught pigeons

教鴿子挑出莫內的畫，

to select paintings by Monet

over those by Picasso.

忽略畢卡索的畫。

When showed works of other artists,

拿出其他藝術家的畫時，

scientists observed stimulus generalization

科學家觀察到刺激類化的現象，

as the pigeons chose the Impressionists

鴿子會挑出印象派的畫， 而不是立體派。

over the Cubists.

Maybe next they'll condition the pigeons

也許接下來他們會制約鴿子， 讓牠們畫出自己的名作。

to paint their own masterpieces.

（鈴聲）