How Do Pain Relievers Work? - George Zaidan

4,037,794 views ・ 2012-06-26

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:00
Translator: Ido Dekkers Reviewer: Ariana Bleau Lugo
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Prevodilac: Jasmina Sevo Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:14
Say you're at the beach, and you get sand in your eyes.
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Recimo da ste na plaži i upadne vam pesak u oči.
00:16
How do you know the sand is there?
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Kako znate da je pesak tamo?
00:18
You obviously can't see it, but if you are a normal, healthy human,
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Jasno je da ga ne možete videti, ali ako ste normalno, zdravo ljudsko biće,
00:22
you can feel it,
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možete ga osetiti,
00:23
that sensation of extreme discomfort, also known as pain.
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taj osećaj izuzetne neugode, takođe poznat i kao bol.
00:27
Now, pain makes you do something,
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Sada, bol vas tera da nešto uradite,
00:29
in this case, rinse your eyes until the sand is gone.
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u ovom slučaju, da ispirate oči dok ne uklonite pesak.
00:32
And how do you know the sand is gone?
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A kako znate da peska više nema?
00:33
Exactly. Because there's no more pain.
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Upravo. Zato što više nema bola.
00:35
There are people who don't feel pain.
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Postoje ljudi koji ne osećaju bol.
00:37
Now, that might sound cool, but it's not.
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E sad, to može zvučati super, ali nije.
00:40
If you can't feel pain, you could get hurt, or even hurt yourself
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Ako ne osećate bol, možete se povrediti ili čak sami sebe ozlediti,
00:44
and never know it.
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a da to uopšte ne znate.
00:45
Pain is your body's early warning system.
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Bol je sistem u telu za rano upozoravanje.
00:47
It protects you from the world around you, and from yourself.
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On vas štiti od sveta koji vas okružuje, kao i od vas samih.
00:52
As we grow, we install pain detectors in most areas of our body.
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Kako odrastamo, postavljamo detektore bola u većini delova našeg tela.
00:55
These detectors are specialized nerve cells
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Ovi detektori su specijalizovane nervne ćelije
00:58
called nociceptors
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koje se zovu nociceptori,
00:59
that stretch from your spinal cord to your skin, your muscles, your joints,
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a koji se protežu od kičme do kože, mišića, zglobova,
01:03
your teeth and some of your internal organs.
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zuba i nekih unutrašnjih organa.
01:06
Just like all nerve cells, they conduct electrical signals,
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Baš kao i sve nervne ćelije, one sprovode električne signale,
01:09
sending information from wherever they're located back to your brain.
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šaljući informacije sa svoje lokacije nazad do mozga.
01:13
But, unlike other nerve cells,
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Ali, za razlliku od drugih nervnih ćelija,
01:15
nociceptors only fire if something happens that could cause
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nociceptori se aktiviraju samo ako se dogodi nešto što bi moglo izazvati
01:19
or is causing damage.
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ili već čini štetu.
01:21
So, gently touch the tip of a needle.
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Dakle, nežno dodirnite vrh igle.
01:24
You'll feel the metal, and those are your regular nerve cells.
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Osetićete metal i to je reakcija vaših normalnih nervnih ćelija.
01:27
But you won't feel any pain.
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Ali nećete osetiti nikakav bol.
01:28
Now, the harder you push against the needle,
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Sada, što više pritišćete iglu odozgo,
01:30
the closer you get to the nociceptor threshold.
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to ste bliže pragu nociceptora.
01:33
Push hard enough, and you'll cross that threshold
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Ako pritisnete dovoljno jako, preći ćete taj prag
01:36
and the nociceptors fire,
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i nociceptor će odreagovati,
01:37
telling your body to stop doing whatever you're doing.
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govoreći vašem telu da prestanete da radite to što radite.
01:40
But the pain threshold isn't set in stone.
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Ali, prag bola nije čvrsto postavljen.
01:43
Certain chemicals can tune nociceptors, lowering their threshold for pain.
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Određene hemikalije podešavaju nociceptore spuštajući njihov prag bola.
01:48
When cells are damaged, they and other nearby cells
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Kada su ćelije oštećene, one i ostale okolne ćelije
01:51
start producing these tuning chemicals like crazy,
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počinju kao lude da proizvode ove podešavajuće hemikalije,
01:54
lowering the nociceptors' threshold to the point
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spuštajući prag nociceptora do tačke
01:57
where just touch can cause pain.
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na kojoj i običan dodir može prouzrokovati bol.
01:59
And this is where over-the-counter painkillers come in.
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I tada nastupaju analgetici koji se kupuju bez recepta.
02:01
Aspirin and ibuprofen
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Aspirin i ibuprofen
02:03
block production of one class of these tuning chemicals,
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blokiraju stvaranje jedne vrste ovih podešavajućih hemikalija
02:06
called prostaglandins.
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po imenu prostaglandini.
02:08
Let's take a look at how they do that.
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Hajde da vidimo kako to rade.
02:09
When cells are damaged, they release a chemical called arachidonic acid.
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Kada su ćelije oštećene one otpuštaju hemikaliju po imenu arahidonska kiselina.
02:14
And two enzymes called COX-1 and COX-2
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I dva enzima, COX-1 i COX-2,
02:16
convert this arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2,
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pretvaraju ovu arahidonsku kiselinu u prostaglandin H2,
02:20
which is then converted into a bunch of other chemicals
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koji se onda pretvara u čitav niz drugih hemikalija
02:23
that do a bunch of things,
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koje vrše čitav niz stvari,
02:24
including raise your body temperature, cause inflammation
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kao što je podizanje telesne temperature, uzrokuju upalu
02:27
and lower the pain threshold.
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i snižavaju prag bola.
02:30
Now, all enzymes have an active site.
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Sad, svi enzimi imaju neko aktivno mesto.
02:32
That's the place in the enzyme where the reaction happens.
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To je mesto u enzimu gde se događa reakcija.
02:35
The active sites of COX-1 and COX-2
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Aktivna mesta za COX-1 i COX-2
02:38
fit arachidonic acid very cozily.
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sasvim se fino uklapaju sa arahidonskom kiselinom.
02:40
As you can see, there is no room to spare.
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Kao što vidite, nema slobodnog mesta.
02:43
Now, it's in this active site that aspirin and ibuprofen do their work.
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Ovo je to aktivno mesto gde aspirin i ibuprofen odrađuju svoj posao.
02:47
So, they work differently.
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I rade na različite načine.
02:49
Aspirin acts like a spine from a porcupine.
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Aspirin deluje kao bodlja bodljikavog praseta.
02:51
It enters the active site and then breaks off,
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Ulazi na aktivno mesto i onda se odlomi,
02:54
leaving half of itself in there,
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ostavljajući jednu polovinu tamo,
02:56
totally blocking that channel and making it impossible
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potpuno blokirajući taj prolaz i onemogućujući
02:58
for the arachidonic acid to fit.
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ubacivanje arahidonske kiseline.
03:01
This permanently deactivates COX-1 and COX-2.
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Ovo trajno deaktivira COX-1 i COX-2.
03:05
Ibuprofen, on the other hand,
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Ibuprofen, s druge strane,
03:06
enters the active site,
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ulazi u aktivni prostor,
03:07
but doesn't break apart or change the enzyme.
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ali se ne raspada niti menja enzim.
03:10
COX-1 and COX-2 are free to spit it out again,
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COX-1 i COX-2 ga mogu ponovo izbaciti,
03:13
but for the time that that ibuprofen is in there,
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ali dok je ibuprofen prisutan,
03:16
the enzyme can't bind arachidonic acid, and can't do its normal chemistry.
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enzim ne može da veže arahidonsku kiselinu niti da vrši svoju normalnu aktivnost.
03:21
But how do aspirin and ibuprofen know where the pain is?
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Ali, kako aspirin i ibuprofen znaju gde je bol?
03:24
Well, they don't.
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Pa, ne znaju.
03:26
Once the drugs are in your bloodstream,
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Kada su lekovi u krvotoku
03:28
they are carried throughout your body,
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prenose se kroz celo telo
03:29
and they go to painful areas just the same as normal ones.
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i odlaze na mesta gde postoji bol kao i na mesta gde ga nema.
03:34
So that's how aspirin and ibuprofen work.
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Dakle, ovako aspirin i ibuprofen deluju.
03:36
But there are other dimensions to pain.
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Ali, postoje i druge dimenzije bola.
03:38
Neuropathic pain, for example,
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Neuropatski bol, na primer,
03:40
is pain caused by damage to our nervous system itself;
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je bol prouzrokovan oštećenjem samog nervnog sistema;
03:43
there doesn't need to be any sort of outside stimulus.
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tu ne mora biti nikakvog vanjskog podsticaja.
03:46
And scientists are discovering that the brain controls
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A nučnici otkrivaju da mozak kontroliše
03:49
how we respond to pain signals.
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kako mi reagujemo na signale bola.
03:51
For example, how much pain you feel can depend on
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Na primer, koliko bola osećate može zavisiti od toga
03:53
whether you're paying attention to the pain, or even your mood.
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da li vi obraćate pažnju na bol
ili čak od vašeg raspoloženja.
03:57
Pain is an area of active research.
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Bol je oblast koja se aktivno istražuje.
03:59
If we can understand it better, maybe we can help people manage it better.
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Ako ga bolje razumemo, možda uspemo pomoći ljudima da se lakše sa njim nose.
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