Could your brain repair itself? - Ralitsa Petrova

Da li vaš mozak može da se samoobnovi? - Ralica Petrova (Ralitsa Petrova)

1,279,106 views

2015-04-27 ・ TED-Ed


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Could your brain repair itself? - Ralitsa Petrova

Da li vaš mozak može da se samoobnovi? - Ralica Petrova (Ralitsa Petrova)

1,279,106 views ・ 2015-04-27

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća
00:06
Imagine the brain could reboot,
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Zamislite da mozak može da se obnovi,
00:09
updating its withered and damaged cells with new, improved units.
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zamenjujući svoje usahle i oštećene ćelije novim, poboljšanim jedinicama.
00:14
That may sound like science fiction,
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Ovo može zvučati kao naučna fantastika,
00:16
but it's a potential reality scientists are investigating right now.
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ali to je potencijalna stvarnost koju naučnici upravo ispituju.
00:20
Will our brains one day be able to self-repair?
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Da li će naši mozgovi jednoga dana moći da se samoobnavljaju?
00:24
It's well known that embryonic cells in our young developing brains
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Dobro je poznato da embrionske ćelije u našim mladim mozgovima u razvoju
00:28
produce new neurons,
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stvaraju nove neurone,
00:30
the microscopic units that make up the brain's tissue.
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mikroskopske jedinice koje čine tkivo mozga.
00:33
Those newly generated neurons migrate to various parts of the developing brain,
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Ovi novonastali neuroni odlaze u različite delove mozga u razvoju,
00:39
making it self-organize into different structures.
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čineći da se on samoorganizuje u različite strukture.
00:43
But until recently,
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Do skoro su, međutim,
00:44
scientists thought cell production came to an abrupt halt soon after this initial growth,
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naučnici mislili da stvaranje ćelija naglo staje brzo nakon početnog razvoja,
00:50
leading them to conclude that neurological diseases,
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što ih je navelo da zaključe da se neurološka oboljenja,
00:52
like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's,
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kao Alchajmerova i Parkinsonova bolest,
00:54
and damaging events, like strokes, are irreversible.
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i oštećenja, kao što su moždani udari, ne mogu promeniti.
00:59
But a series of recent discoveries
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Međutim, niz skorašnjih otkrića
01:01
has revealed that adult brains actually do continue to produce new cells
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obelodanio je da mozgovi odraslih nastavljaju da proizvode nove ćelije
01:06
in at least three specialized locations.
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na bar tri specijalizovane lokacije.
01:09
This process, known as neurogenesis,
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Ovaj proces, poznat kao neurogeneza,
01:12
involves dedicated brain cells, called neural stem cells
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uključuje određene moždane ćelije pod nazivom matične ćelije
01:16
and progenitor cells,
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i progenitorske ćelije,
01:17
which manufacture new neurons or replace the old ones.
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koje proizvode nove neurone ili zamenjuju stare.
01:22
The three regions where neurogenesis has been discovered
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Tri područja u kojima je neurogeneza otkrivena su:
01:25
are the dentate gyrus, associated with learning and memory,
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girus dentatus, koji se vezuje za učenje i pamćenje,
01:29
the subventricular zone, which may supply neurons to the olfactory bulb
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subventrikularna zona, koja bi mogla snabdevati neurone
olfaktornog područja
01:33
for communication between the nose and brain,
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za komunikaciju između nosa i mozga
01:36
and the striatum, which helps manage movement.
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i striatum, koji pomaže pri upravljanju pokretima.
01:40
Scientists don't yet have a good grasp on exactly what role
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Naučnici još uvek ne razumeju dobro kakvu tačno ulogu
01:43
neurogenesis plays in any of these regions,
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neurogeneza ima u bilo kom od ovih područja,
01:47
or why they have this ability that's absent from the rest of the brain,
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ili zašto imaju sposobnost koju ostatak mozga nema,
01:51
but the mere presence of a mechanism to grown new neurons in the adult brain
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ali samo prisustvo mehanizma za stvaranje novih neurona
u mozgu odrasle osobe
01:56
opens up an amazing possibility.
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otvara neverovatnu mogućnost.
01:59
Could we harness that mechanism to get the brain to heal its scars
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Možemo li da iskoristimo taj mehanizam
da nateramo mozak da izleči svoje ožiljke
02:04
similar to how new skin grows to patch up a wound,
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na sličan način kao što nova koža izrasta da bi sanirala ranu
02:07
or a broken bone stitches itself back together?
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ili slomljena kost zarasta?
02:11
So here's where we stand.
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Evo kako stojimo.
02:13
Certain proteins and other small molecules that mimick those proteins
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Određeni proteini i drugi mali molekuli koji imitiraju ove proteine
02:18
can be administered to the brain
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mogu da se dodele mozgu
02:20
to make neural stem cells and progenitor cells
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kako bi neuronske matične ćelije i progenitorske ćelije
02:22
produce more neurons in those three locations.
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proizvodile više neurona u ovim trima lokacijama.
02:26
This technique still needs improvement
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Ovoj tehnici ipak treba poboljšanje
02:28
so that the cells reproduce more efficiently
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da bi ćelije reprodukovale efikasnije
02:31
and more cells survive.
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i da bi više ćelija preživelo.
Međutim, istraživanja pokazuju da progenitorske ćelije iz ovih područja
02:33
But research shows that progenitor cells from these areas
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02:36
can actually migrate to places where injury has occurred
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u stvari mogu da se premeste na mesta gde se desila povreda
02:40
and give rise to new neurons there.
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i stvore nove neurone tamo.
Još jedan mogući pristup koji obećava
02:43
And another promising possible approach
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02:45
is to transplant healthy human neural stem cells,
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je presađivanje zdravih ljudskih matičnih ćelija,
02:48
which are cultured in a laboratory, to injured tissue,
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koje su uzgajane u laboratoriji, u povređeno tkivo,
02:51
like we can do with skin.
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kao što već radimo sa kožom.
02:53
Scientists are currently experimenting
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Naučnici trenutno eksperimentišu da bi odredili
02:55
to determine whether transplanted donor cells can divide, differentiate
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da li presađene ćelije donatora mogu da podele, razluče
03:00
and successfully give rise to new neurons in a damaged brain.
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i uspešno stvore nove neurone u oštećenom mozgu.
03:06
They've also discovered
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Takođe su otkrili
03:07
that we might be able to teach other kinds of brain cells,
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da bismo možda mogli da naučimo druge vrste moždanih ćelija,
03:10
such as astrocytes or oligodendrocytes
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kao što su astrociti ili oligodendrociti,
03:13
to behave like neural stem cells and start generating neurons, too.
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da se ponašaju kao neuronske matične ćelije
i da i one počnu da stvaraju neurone.
03:18
So, a couple of decades from now will our brains be able to self-repair?
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Dakle, za par decenija,
da li će naši mozgovi moći da se samoobnove?
03:22
We can't say for sure,
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Ne možemo to reći sa sigurnošću,
03:24
but that has become one of the major goals of regenerative medicine.
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ali to je postao jedan od glavnih ciljeva regenerativne medicine.
03:29
The human brain has 100 billion neurons
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Ljudski mozak ima 100 milijardi neurona
03:31
and we're still figuring out the wiring behind this huge biological motherboard.
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i još uvek pokušavamo da shvatimo veze
u ovoj ogromnoj biološkoj matičnoj ploči,
03:37
But everyday, research on neurogenesis brings us closer to that reboot switch.
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ali nas istraživanje neurogeneze svakoga dana približava
tom prekidaču za obnovu.
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