Everything you need to know to read Homer's "Odyssey" - Jill Dash

2,068,356 views ・ 2017-01-30

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković
00:07
A close encounter with a man-eating giant,
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Bliski susret sa džinom ljudožderom,
00:11
a sorceress who turns men into pigs,
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čarobnica koja pretvara muškarce u svinje,
00:14
a long-lost king taking back his throne.
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davno zabludeli kralj koji vraća svoj presto.
00:18
On their own, any of these make great stories,
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Svaka od ovih priča je sjajna sama za sebe,
00:21
but each is just one episode in the "Odyssey,"
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ali svaka od njih je tek epizoda u "Odiseji", poemi od 12000 stihova
00:25
a 12,000-line poem spanning years of Ancient Greek history, myth, and legend.
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koja obuhvata godine antičke grčke istorije, mitova i legendi.
00:32
How do we make sense of such a massive text
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Kako da pronađemo smisao u tako ogromnom tekstu
00:36
that comes from and tells of a world so far away?
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koji dolazi iz tako dalekog sveta i pripoveda o njemu?
00:39
The fact that we can read the "Odyssey" at all is pretty incredible,
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Sama činjenica da uopšte možemo da čitamo "Odiseju" je neverovatna,
00:44
as it was composed before the Greek alphabet appeared in the 8th century BCE.
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s obzirom na to da je sastavljena pre nastanka grčkog alfabeta u 8. veku p.n.e.
00:49
It was made for listeners rather than readers,
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Nastala je pre za slušaoce nego za čitaoce
00:52
and was performed by oral poets called rhapsodes.
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i izvodili su je usmeni pesnici koje su nazivali rapsodima.
00:56
Tradition identifies its author as a blind man named Homer.
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Tradicija određuje kao njenog autora slepca po imenu Homer.
01:00
But no one definitively knows whether he was real or legendary.
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Ali niko zasigurno ne zna da li je bio stvaran ili legenda.
01:05
The earliest mentions of him occur centuries after his era.
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Najranija pominjanja o njemu se dešavaju vekovima nakon njegove ere.
01:08
And the poems attributed to him seem to have been changed
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A pesme koje su mu pripisane čini se da su menjane
01:12
and rearranged many times by multiple authors
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i preuređivane mnogo puta od strane više autora
01:15
before finally being written down in their current form.
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pre nego što su konačno zapisane u trenutnom obliku.
01:19
In fact, the word rhapsode means stitching together,
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Zapravo, reč rapsod znači ušivanje,
01:22
as these poets combined existing stories, jokes, myths, and songs
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jer su ovu pesnici kombinovali postojeće priče, šale, mitove i pesme
01:27
into a single narrative.
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u jedinstven narativ.
01:30
To recite these massive epics live,
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Kako bi recitovali ove obimne epove uživo,
01:33
rhapsodes employed a steady meter,
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rapsodi su koristili postojan metar,
01:35
along with mnemonic devices,
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uz mnemoničke tehnike,
01:37
like repetition of memorized passages or set pieces.
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poput ponavljanja upamćenih pasusa ili skupova delova.
01:42
These included descriptions of scenery and lists of characters,
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Ovo je uključivalo opise pejzaža ili spiskove likova,
01:46
and helped the rhapsode keep their place in the narrative,
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i pomagalo je rapsodu da ne izgubi mesto u narativu,
01:49
just as the chorus or bridge of a song helps us to remember the next verses.
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baš kao što nam refren i prelaz u pesmi pomažu da zapamtimo sledeće stihove.
01:54
Because most of the tales were familiar to the audience,
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Kako je većina ovih priča bila poznata publici,
01:56
it was common to hear the sections of the poem out of order.
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bilo je uobičajeno da se čuju delovi pesme van redosleda.
02:00
At some point, the order became set in stone
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U nekom trenutku redosled je postajao zacrtan,
02:02
and the story was locked into place as the one we read today.
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a priča je zaključana u mestu kao što je danas čitamo.
02:07
But since the world has changed a bit in the last several thousand years,
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Ali kako se svet malčice promenio u poslednjih nekoliko hiljada godina,
02:11
it helps to have some background before jumping in.
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pomaže nam da znamo pozadinu pre nego što se bacimo na čitanje.
02:15
The "Odyssey" itself is a sequel to Homer's other famous epic, the "Iliad,"
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"Odiseja" je nastavak Homerovog drugog poznatog dela, "Ilijade",
02:20
which tells the story of the Trojan War.
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koja pripoveda priču o Trojanskom ratu.
02:22
If there's one major theme uniting both poems, it's this:
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Ako postoji jedna glavna tema koja ujedinjuje obe poeme, to je ova:
02:27
do not, under any circumstances, incur the wrath of the gods.
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nemojte, pod bilo kakvim okolnostima da navučete na sebe bes bogova.
02:32
The Greek Pantheon is a dangerous mix of divine power and human insecurity,
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Grčki Panteon je opasna mešavina božanske moći i ljudskih nesigurnosti,
02:36
prone to jealousy and grudges of epic proportions.
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sklon ljubomori i kivnosti episkih razmera.
02:40
And many of the problems faced by humans in the poems are caused by their hubris,
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A mnogi problemi s kojima se ljudi suočavaju u poemama su izazvani hubrisom,
02:45
or excessive pride in believing themselves superior to the gods.
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iliti preteranom gordošću zbog njihovog uverenja da su iznad bogova.
02:50
The desire to please the gods was so great
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Žudnja da se ugodi bogovima je tolika
02:52
that the Ancient Greeks traditionally welcomed all strangers
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da su antički Grci tradicionalno primali sve strance
02:55
into their homes with generosity
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dobrodušno u svoje domove,
02:58
for fear that the strangers might be gods in disguise.
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iz straha da bi stranci mogli da budu prerušeni bogovi.
03:01
This ancient code of hospitality was called xenia.
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Ovaj antički kodeks gostoprimstva se nazivao "ksenija".
03:05
It involved hosts providing their guests with safety, food, and comfort,
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Pdrazumevao je da domaćini obezbeđuju gostima bezbednost, hranu i udobnost,
03:10
and the guests returning the favor with courtesy and gifts if they had them.
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a gosti su vraćali uslugu uljudnošću i darovima, ako su ih imali.
03:14
Xenia has a significant role in the "Odyssey,"
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Ksenija ima značajnu ulogu u "Odiseji",
03:17
where Odysseus in his wanderings is the perpetual guest,
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gde je Odisej tokom svojih lutanja večiti gost,
03:21
while in his absence, his clever wife Penelope plays non-stop host.
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dok u njegovom odsustvu njegova pametna žena Penelopa ima ulogu stalnog domaćina.
03:27
The "Odyssey" recounts all of Odysseus's years of travel,
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"Odiseja" pripoveda sve Odisejeve godine putovanja,
03:30
but the narrative begins in medias res in the middle of things.
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ali pripovedanje počinje "in medias res", u središtu stvari.
03:36
Ten years after the Trojan War, we find our hero trapped on an island,
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Deset godina nakon Trojanskog rata,
zatičemo našeg heroja zarobljenog na ostrvu,
03:40
still far from his native Ithaca and the family he hasn't seen for 20 years.
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i dalje daleko od njegove rodne Itake i porodice koju nije video 20 godina.
03:46
Because he's angered the sea god Poseidon by blinding his son, a cyclops,
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Zato što je razbesneo boga mora Posejdona, oslepivši njegovog sina kiklopa,
03:51
Odysseus's passage home has been fraught with mishap after mishap.
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Odisejev put do kuće je ispunjen nedaćom za nedaćom.
03:56
With trouble brewing at home and gods discussing his fate,
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Dok problemi bukte kod kuće a bogovi raspravljaju o njegovoj sudbini,
03:59
Odysseus begins the account of those missing years to his hosts.
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Odisej počinje da izveštava svoje domaćine o tim izgubljenim godinama.
04:04
One of the most fascinating things about the "Odyssey"
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Jedna od najočaravajućijih stvari kod "Odiseje"
04:07
is the gap between how little we know about its time period
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je jaz između toga koliko malo znamo o tom vremenskom razdoblju
04:10
and the wealth of detail the text itself contains.
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i obilje detalja koje sami tekst sadrži.
04:14
Historians, linguists, and archeologists
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Istoričari, lingvisti i arheolozi
04:17
have spent centuries searching for the ruins of Troy
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su proveli vekove tragajući za ruševinama Troje
04:20
and identifying which islands Odysseus visited.
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i određujući koja je ostrva posetio Odisej.
04:24
Just like its hero, the 24-book epic has made its own long journey
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Baš poput njenog heroja, ep od 24 knjige je prešao sopstveni dugi put
04:28
through centuries of myth and history
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kroz vekove mita i istorije
04:31
to tell us its incredible story today.
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kako bi nam danas pripovedao svoju neverovatnu priču.
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