Everything you need to know to read Homer's "Odyssey" - Jill Dash

2,142,632 views ใƒป 2017-01-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
A close encounter with a man-eating giant,
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ืžืคื’ืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืขื ืขื ืง ืื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื,
00:11
a sorceress who turns men into pigs,
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ืžื›ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื,
00:14
a long-lost king taking back his throne.
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ืžืœืš ืื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืฉื‘ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื›ืกืื•.
00:18
On their own, any of these make great stories,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื”,
00:21
but each is just one episode in the "Odyssey,"
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืคืจืง ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”,
00:25
a 12,000-line poem spanning years of Ancient Greek history, myth, and legend.
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ืคื•ืืžื” ื‘ืช 12,000 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืจืฉืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
00:32
How do we make sense of such a massive text
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ืื™ืš ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื›ื–ื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™
00:36
that comes from and tells of a world so far away?
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื›ื” ืจื—ื•ืง?
00:39
The fact that we can read the "Odyssey" at all is pretty incredible,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
00:44
as it was composed before the Greek alphabet appeared in the 8th century BCE.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
00:49
It was made for listeners rather than readers,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืœืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื,
00:52
and was performed by oral poets called rhapsodes.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื.
00:56
Tradition identifies its author as a blind man named Homer.
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ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ืื™ืฉ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก.
01:00
But no one definitively knows whether he was real or legendary.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื• ืื’ื“ื™.
01:05
The earliest mentions of him occur centuries after his era.
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ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:08
And the poems attributed to him seem to have been changed
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื• ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื•
01:12
and rearranged many times by multiple authors
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ื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
01:15
before finally being written down in their current form.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
01:19
In fact, the word rhapsode means stitching together,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืจืคืกื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“,
01:22
as these poets combined existing stories, jokes, myths, and songs
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ื
01:27
into a single narrative.
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ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“.
01:30
To recite these massive epics live,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืงืœื ืืคื•ืกื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
01:33
rhapsodes employed a steady meter,
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ืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืงื‘ื•ืข,
01:35
along with mnemonic devices,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžึฐื ึถืžื•ึนื ึดื™ื•ืช,
01:37
like repetition of memorized passages or set pieces.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืกืงืื•ืช ืื• ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•.
01:42
These included descriptions of scenery and lists of characters,
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ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช,
01:46
and helped the rhapsode keep their place in the narrative,
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ื•ืขื–ืจื• ืœืจืคืกื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
01:49
just as the chorus or bridge of a song helps us to remember the next verses.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
01:54
Because most of the tales were familiar to the audience,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ,
01:56
it was common to hear the sections of the poem out of order.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื• ืืช ืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ืœืœื ืกื“ืจ.
02:00
At some point, the order became set in stone
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ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื•, ื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื—ืงืง ื‘ืกืœืข,
02:02
and the story was locked into place as the one we read today.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:07
But since the world has changed a bit in the last several thousand years,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:11
it helps to have some background before jumping in.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืจืงืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื.
02:15
The "Odyssey" itself is a sequel to Homer's other famous epic, the "Iliad,"
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ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืืคื•ืก ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก, ื”ืื™ืœื™ืื“ื”,
02:20
which tells the story of the Trojan War.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ื”.
02:22
If there's one major theme uniting both poems, it's this:
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืื—ื“ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคื•ืืžื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
02:27
do not, under any circumstances, incur the wrath of the gods.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ืชื ืื™, ืืœ ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื–ืขื ื”ืืœื™ื.
02:32
The Greek Pantheon is a dangerous mix of divine power and human insecurity,
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ื”ืคื ืชื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืจื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
02:36
prone to jealousy and grudges of epic proportions.
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ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืงื ืื” ื•ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืืคื™ื•ืช.
02:40
And many of the problems faced by humans in the poems are caused by their hubris,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืืžื•ืช ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ืก ืฉืœื”ื,
02:45
or excessive pride in believing themselves superior to the gods.
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ืื• ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื™ืชืจื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื ื ืขืœื™ื ืžื”ืืœื™ื.
02:50
The desire to please the gods was so great
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ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
02:52
that the Ancient Greeks traditionally welcomed all strangers
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืจื™ื
02:55
into their homes with generosity
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ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
02:58
for fear that the strangers might be gods in disguise.
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ืžื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื”ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืœื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื”.
03:01
This ancient code of hospitality was called xenia.
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ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื— ื ืงืจื ืงืกื ื™ื”.
03:05
It involved hosts providing their guests with safety, food, and comfort,
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ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคืงื• ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
03:10
and the guests returning the favor with courtesy and gifts if they had them.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืชื ื•ืช, ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื›ืืœื•.
03:14
Xenia has a significant role in the "Odyssey,"
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ืœืงืกื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”,
03:17
where Odysseus in his wanderings is the perpetual guest,
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ืฉื ืื•ื“ืกื™ืื•ืก ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืจื— ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™,
03:21
while in his absence, his clever wife Penelope plays non-stop host.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•, ืืฉืชื• ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืคื ืœื•ืคื” ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืืช ื”ืžืืจื—ืช ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”.
03:27
The "Odyssey" recounts all of Odysseus's years of travel,
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ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื” ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก,
03:30
but the narrative begins in medias res in the middle of things.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ 'ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ืืก ืจื–', ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:36
Ten years after the Trojan War, we find our hero trapped on an island,
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ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื›ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื™,
03:40
still far from his native Ithaca and the family he hasn't seen for 20 years.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื™ืชืงื” ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืื” 20 ืฉื ื”.
03:46
Because he's angered the sea god Poseidon by blinding his son, a cyclops,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืขื™ืก ืืช ืืœ ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื•, ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืค,
03:51
Odysseus's passage home has been fraught with mishap after mishap.
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ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืงืœื•ืช.
03:56
With trouble brewing at home and gods discussing his fate,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื•ื”ืืœื™ื ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื•,
03:59
Odysseus begins the account of those missing years to his hosts.
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ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืžืื—ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืช.
04:04
One of the most fascinating things about the "Odyssey"
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ื“ื™ืกื™ืื”
04:07
is the gap between how little we know about its time period
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•,
04:10
and the wealth of detail the text itself contains.
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ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื›ื™ืœ.
04:14
Historians, linguists, and archeologists
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
04:17
have spent centuries searching for the ruins of Troy
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ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”
04:20
and identifying which islands Odysseus visited.
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ื•ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ื‘ื™ืงืจ.
04:24
Just like its hero, the 24-book epic has made its own long journey
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืืคื•ืก ื‘ืŸ 24 ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš ืžืฉืœื•,
04:28
through centuries of myth and history
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ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
04:31
to tell us its incredible story today.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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