The rise and fall of the Mongol Empire - Anne F. Broadbridge

5,632,706 views ใƒป 2019-08-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:10
It was the largest contiguous land empire in historyโ€”
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืจืฆื™ืฃ --
00:12
stretching from Korea to Ukraine and from Siberia to southern China,
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืขื“ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืขื“ ื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ืŸ
00:17
and was forged on the open plains.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช.
00:20
In the 12th century CE, before the Mongol Empire formed,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 12 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื”,
00:24
the East Asian steppe was home to scattered groups of Mongol
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ื”ืกื˜ืคื” ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ืืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื
00:28
and Turkic pastoral nomads led by Khans.
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ื•ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื—'ืืŸ.
00:31
The people herded sheep, cattle, yaks and camels.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืขื• ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืงืจ, ื™ืืงื™ื ื•ื’ืžืœื™ื.
00:35
They lived in felt tents and moved between summer and winter campsites.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื ืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
00:40
Nomadic women held significant authority,
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ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช,
00:43
managing these migrations, many of the flocks and trade.
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ื›ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื“ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ.
00:46
Meanwhile, men specialized in mounted warfare.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืžื—ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืจื›ื•ื‘ื”,
00:49
These nomadic groups often fought each other.
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
00:52
That was to change under Temujin, who was born into an aristocratic Mongol family.
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ื–ื” ืขืžื“ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื˜ืžื•ื’'ื™ืŸ, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
00:58
Despite losing his father at an early age and growing up in poverty,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
01:02
he quickly rose to power by forging strategic alliances with other leaders.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:07
Unlike those khans, Temujin promoted soldiers based on merit
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื—'ืืŸ ื”ื”ื, ื˜ืžื•ื’ื™'ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
01:12
and distributed spoils evenly among them.
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ื•ื—ื™ืœืง ืฉืœืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื•.
01:15
His most brilliant move was to scatter the nomads he conquered
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ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื›ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ
01:18
among his own soldiers so they couldn't join together against him.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื• ืฉืœื•, ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ืชืื—ื“ื• ืžื•ืœื•.
01:22
These innovations made him unstoppable,
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”,
01:25
and by 1206, he had united the people of the felt-walled tents
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ื•ืขื“ 1206, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื”ืœื™ ื”ืœื‘ื“
01:29
and become Chinggis Khan.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ืก ื—'ืืŸ.
01:33
The Mongols were shamanists,
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ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžืื ื™ื,
01:34
believing that the spirits of nature and their ancestors
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ื•ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืจื•ื— ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื
01:37
inhabited the world around them.
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ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
01:39
Over all arched the Sky god Tenggeri.
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ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืœื˜ ืืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื˜ื ื’ืจื™.
01:43
Chinggis Khan believed that Tenggeri wanted him to conquer the entire world
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ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ืก ื—'ืืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื ื’ืจื™ ืจืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:47
in his name.
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ื‘ืฉืžื•.
01:48
With the nomads of the Mongolian plain united,
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ืขื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
01:51
this seemed within reach.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื”.
01:53
Anyone who resisted the Mongols was resisting Tenggeri's will,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื ื’ื™ืจื™,
01:57
and for this insubordination, had to die.
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ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื•ืช.
02:01
Under Chinggis Khan,
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ืชื—ืช ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ืก ื—'ืืŸ,
02:02
the Mongols first subdued northern China and the eastern Islamic lands.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื• ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:07
After his death in 1227,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ 1227,
02:09
the Divine Mandate passed to his family, or the Golden Lineage.
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ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ืื• ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ืช.
02:14
In the 1230s, Chinggis Khan's sons and daughters
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ 1200 ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ืก ื—'ืืŸ
02:17
conquered the Turks of Central Asia and the Russian princes,
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ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื,
02:21
then destroyed two European armies in 1241.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืฉื ื™ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ 1241.
02:24
In the 1250s, the Mongols seized Islamic territory as far as Baghdad,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- '1250, ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืชืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื ืขื“ ื‘ื’ื“ื“,
02:30
while in the East their grasp reached southern China by 1279.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ืŸ ืขื“ 1279.
02:35
Life within the Mongol Empire wasn't just war, pillage and destruction.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื–ื™ื–ื” ื•ื”ืจืก.
02:40
Once the Mongols conquered a territory, they left its internal politics alone
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื•
02:45
and used local administrators to govern for them.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื•.
02:47
The Mongols let all religions flourish, as long as the leaders prayed for them.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ืœืฉื’ืฉื’, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
02:53
Although they routinely captured artisans, scholars and engineers,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืืจื˜ื™ื–ื ื™ื, ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
02:57
they appreciated what those specialists could do
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ื”ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
02:59
and forcibly settled them across Asia to continue their work.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืกื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
03:03
The most valuable produce in the Empire was gold brocade,
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ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืงืžืช ื–ื”ื‘,
03:06
which took silk from China, gold from Tibet and weavers from Baghdad.
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ืฉืœืงื— ืžืฉื™ ืžืกื™ืŸ, ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ ื•ืื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื’ื“ืื“.
03:11
Gold brocade clothed the Mongol rulers, covered their horses
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ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ืกื•ืกื™ื”ื
03:16
and lined their tents.
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ื•ืฆื™ืคื• ืืช ืื•ื”ืœื™ื”ื.
03:17
The Mongols particularly prized gunpowder technicians from China.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ืื‘ืง ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืžืกื™ืŸ.
03:22
With much of Eurasia politically unified, trade flourished along the Silk Road,
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ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืจื•-ืืกื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืคืจื— ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™,
03:27
helped by an extensive system of horse messengers and relay posts.
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ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื”.
03:32
Robust trade continued at sea, especially in blue-and-white porcelain,
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ืžืกื—ืจ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจืฆืœืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ,
03:36
which combined white pottery from Mongol China with blue dye from Mongol Iran.
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ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ ืงื“ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ืžืกื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืขื ื“ื™ื• ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืื™ืจืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช.
03:42
But this was not to last.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“.
03:44
Succession to the Great Khan didn't automatically go to the eldest son,
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ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—'ืืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ,
03:48
but rather allowed brothers, uncles and cousins to vie for leadership
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ืืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœืื—ื™ื, ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”
03:53
with senior widows acting as regents for their sons.
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ื›ืฉืืœืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
03:56
By the 1260s,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช '1260
03:57
Chinggis Khan's grandsons were in a full- blown civil war over inheritance
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ื ื›ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื ื’'ื™ืก ื—'ืืŸ ืฉืงืขื• ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื”
04:02
and fragmented the realm into four separate empires.
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ื•ืคื™ืœื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืœืืจื‘ืข ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช.
04:06
In China, Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื™ื•ืืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืœืื™ ื—'ืืŸ
04:09
is remembered as a golden age of science and culture.
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ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
04:12
In Iran, the Ilkhanate inaugurated the development
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ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื”ืื™ืœืงื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
04:15
of new monumental architecture and Persian miniature painting.
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ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ ืคืจืกื™.
04:19
In Central Asia, the Chagatai Khanate brought forth leaders like Timur
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”, ื”ืฉื’ื˜ืื™ ืงืื ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ
04:24
and his descendant Babur, who founded the Mughal Empire in India.
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ื•ืฆืืฆืื• ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื™ืกื“ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
04:29
And in Eastern Europe, the Golden Horde ruled for years
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ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื
04:33
until a trading post named Muscovy grew into a major world power.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ ื’ื“ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
04:38
Even though the Empire lasted only a short while,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ,
04:41
the Mongols left a legacy of world- domination that remains unmatched today.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ืจืขืจืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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