The rise and fall of the Mongol Empire - Anne F. Broadbridge

5,829,241 views ใƒป 2019-08-29

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:10
It was the largest contiguous land empire in historyโ€”
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00:12
stretching from Korea to Ukraine and from Siberia to southern China,
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜, ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ
00:17
and was forged on the open plains.
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๋“œ๋„“์€ ์ดˆ์›์— ์ž๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
In the 12th century CE, before the Mongol Empire formed,
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12์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
00:24
the East Asian steppe was home to scattered groups of Mongol
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๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์Šคํ…์ง€์—ญ์€ ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:28
and Turkic pastoral nomads led by Khans.
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์นธ์ด ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ „์›์˜ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ์กฑ์˜ ๋ณธ๊ฑฐ์ง€์˜€์ฃ .
00:31
The people herded sheep, cattle, yaks and camels.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์–‘, ์†Œ, ์•ผํฌ์™€ ๋‚™ํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๋ €์ฃ .
00:35
They lived in felt tents and moved between summer and winter campsites.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํŽ ํŠธ ํ…ํŠธ ์†์— ์‚ด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
Nomadic women held significant authority,
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์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:43
managing these migrations, many of the flocks and trade.
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์ด์ฃผ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐ๋…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™๋ฌผ ๋–ผ์™€ ๊ต์—ญ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
Meanwhile, men specialized in mounted warfare.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ๊ธฐ๋งˆ์ „์„ ์ฑ…์ž„์กŒ์ฃ .
00:49
These nomadic groups often fought each other.
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์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ „์Ÿํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋นด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
That was to change under Temujin, who was born into an aristocratic Mongol family.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฑด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์˜ ๊ท€์กฑ ์ง‘์•ˆ ์ž์ œ์ธ ํƒœ๋ฌด์ง„์ด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋˜ ๋•Œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
Despite losing his father at an early age and growing up in poverty,
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด์— ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ์œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์œ ๋…„์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:02
he quickly rose to power by forging strategic alliances with other leaders.
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๋ฆฌ๋”๋“ค๊ณผ ์ „๋žต์  ๋™๋งน์„ ๋งบ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ์ˆจ์— ๊ถŒ์ขŒ์— ์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
Unlike those khans, Temujin promoted soldiers based on merit
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นธ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•ด ์Šน์ง„์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:12
and distributed spoils evenly among them.
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์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ์„ ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:15
His most brilliant move was to scatter the nomads he conquered
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์€ ์ •๋ณตํ•œ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ์„
01:18
among his own soldiers so they couldn't join together against him.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์„ž์–ด ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
These innovations made him unstoppable,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:25
and by 1206, he had united the people of the felt-walled tents
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1206๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต์— ํŽ ํŠธ ํ…ํŠธ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ์„ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ
01:29
and become Chinggis Khan.
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์นญ๊ธฐ์Šค์นธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
The Mongols were shamanists,
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๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์ˆ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:34
believing that the spirits of nature and their ancestors
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์ด
01:37
inhabited the world around them.
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์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งด๋ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Over all arched the Sky god Tenggeri.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ์€ ํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ์‹ ์ธ ํ…๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
01:43
Chinggis Khan believed that Tenggeri wanted him to conquer the entire world
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์นญ๊ธฐ์Šค์นธ์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ํ…๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ •๋ณต์„ ๋ช…๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:47
in his name.
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01:48
With the nomads of the Mongolian plain united,
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๋ชฝ๊ณจ์˜ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”
01:51
this seemed within reach.
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์ž„๋ฌด์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
Anyone who resisted the Mongols was resisting Tenggeri's will,
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๋ชฝ๊ณจ์กฑ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ…๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ช…์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚™์ธ์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ 
01:57
and for this insubordination, had to die.
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๋ถˆ๋ณต์ข…์„ ๋นŒ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์‚ฌํ˜•๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
Under Chinggis Khan,
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์นญ๊ธฐ์Šค์นธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ํ•˜์—
02:02
the Mongols first subdued northern China and the eastern Islamic lands.
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๋ชฝ๊ณจ์€ ์šฐ์„  ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ถ๋ถ€์™€ ๋™๋ถ€ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๋•…์„ ์ •๋ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
After his death in 1227,
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1227๋…„ ์นญ๊ธฐ์Šค์นธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
02:09
the Divine Mandate passed to his family, or the Golden Lineage.
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์€ ์ด ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
In the 1230s, Chinggis Khan's sons and daughters
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1230๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž๋…€๋“ค์€
02:17
conquered the Turks of Central Asia and the Russian princes,
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์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ํ„ฐํ‚ค์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์™•์ž๋“ค์„ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:21
then destroyed two European armies in 1241.
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1241๋…„์— ๋‘ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฐ”๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
In the 1250s, the Mongols seized Islamic territory as far as Baghdad,
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1250๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ,
02:30
while in the East their grasp reached southern China by 1279.
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๋™์–‘์—์„œ๋Š” 1279๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:35
Life within the Mongol Empire wasn't just war, pillage and destruction.
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๋ชฝ๊ณจ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ „์Ÿ, ์•ฝํƒˆ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๊ดด์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
Once the Mongols conquered a territory, they left its internal politics alone
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๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ณตํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์—๋Š” ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ
ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
and used local administrators to govern for them.
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02:47
The Mongols let all religions flourish, as long as the leaders prayed for them.
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์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
Although they routinely captured artisans, scholars and engineers,
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๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์žฅ์ธ, ํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์„ ์žก์•„๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ
02:57
they appreciated what those specialists could do
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด
02:59
and forcibly settled them across Asia to continue their work.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ์ฃ .
03:03
The most valuable produce in the Empire was gold brocade,
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์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ’์ง„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ธˆ ์–‘๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:06
which took silk from China, gold from Tibet and weavers from Baghdad.
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์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋น„๋‹จ, ํ‹ฐ๋ฒ ํŠธ์˜ ๊ธˆ, ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์„ ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
Gold brocade clothed the Mongol rulers, covered their horses
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๋ชฝ๊ณจ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธˆ๋น› ์–‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๊ณผ ํ…ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์‹ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
and lined their tents.
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03:17
The Mongols particularly prized gunpowder technicians from China.
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๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ™”์•ฝ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ท€์ค‘ํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
With much of Eurasia politically unified, trade flourished along the Silk Road,
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์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ผ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‹คํฌ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ด ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
helped by an extensive system of horse messengers and relay posts.
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๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ง ์ „๋ น๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ณ„ ์ดˆ์†Œ์˜ ๋„์›€ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:32
Robust trade continued at sea, especially in blue-and-white porcelain,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ๋ฌด์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ฐฑ์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
which combined white pottery from Mongol China with blue dye from Mongol Iran.
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์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฐฑ์ž์™€ ์ด๋ž€์‹ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
But this was not to last.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Succession to the Great Khan didn't automatically go to the eldest son,
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์นญ๊ธฐ์Šค์นธ์˜ ํ›„์˜ˆ๋Š” ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๋‚จ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:48
but rather allowed brothers, uncles and cousins to vie for leadership
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๋˜๋ ค ํ˜•์ œ, ์‚ผ์ดŒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:53
with senior widows acting as regents for their sons.
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๊ณ ์œ„ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ์ด ์•„๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ญ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
By the 1260s,
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1260๋…„๋Œ€ ์ฆˆ์Œ์—
03:57
Chinggis Khan's grandsons were in a full- blown civil war over inheritance
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์นญ๊ธฐ์Šค์นธ์˜ ์†์ž๋“ค์€ ์™•์œ„ ๊ณ„์Šน์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋‚ด์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:02
and fragmented the realm into four separate empires.
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์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
In China, Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty
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์ค‘๊ตญ ์ฟ ๋นŒ๋ผ์ด ์นธ์˜ ์›๋‚˜๋ผ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š”
04:09
is remembered as a golden age of science and culture.
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
In Iran, the Ilkhanate inaugurated the development
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์ด๋ž€์˜ ์ผ์นด๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋Š”
๊ธฐ๋…๋น„์ ์ธ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•์†Œ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:15
of new monumental architecture and Persian miniature painting.
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04:19
In Central Asia, the Chagatai Khanate brought forth leaders like Timur
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์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ํƒ€์ด ์นธ๊ตญ์€ ํ‹ฐ๋ฌด๋ฅด์™€
04:24
and his descendant Babur, who founded the Mughal Empire in India.
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์ธ๋„์˜ ๋ฌด๊ตด ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ์„ธ์šด ๊ทธ์˜ ํ›„์† ๋ฐ”๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
And in Eastern Europe, the Golden Horde ruled for years
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๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ๊ณจ๋“ ํ˜ธ๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋‹นํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜
04:33
until a trading post named Muscovy grew into a major world power.
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๋จธ์Šค์ฝ”๋น„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—ญ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
Even though the Empire lasted only a short while,
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๋น„๋ก ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ์ž ์‹œ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋์ง€๋งŒ
04:41
the Mongols left a legacy of world- domination that remains unmatched today.
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๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์œ ๋ก€์—†๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ •๋ณต์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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