Is life meaningless? And other absurd questions - Nina Medvinskaya

3,026,006 views ใƒป 2020-09-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:07
Albert Camus grew up surrounded by violence.
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ืืœื‘ืจ ืงืืžื™ ื’ื“ืœ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
00:11
His homeland of Algeria was mired in conflict between native Algerians
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ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืงื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื’'ืจื™ืื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:16
and colonizing French Europeans.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
00:18
He lost his father in the First World War,
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
00:21
and was deemed unfit to fight in the second.
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ื•ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืœื ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืœื—ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
00:24
Battling tuberculosis in France and confronting the war's devastation
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื—ืคืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื”ืชืขืžืชื•ืช ืขื ื”ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
00:28
as a resistance journalist, Camus grew despondent.
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ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืงืืžื™ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื™ื•ืืฉ.
00:32
He couldnโ€™t fathom any meaning behind all this endless bloodshed and suffering.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ืฅ ื”ื“ืžื™ื ื”ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ.
00:38
He asked: if the world was meaningless,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ: ืื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
00:42
could our individual lives still hold value?
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ื”ืื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš?
00:46
Many of Camusโ€™ contemporaries were exploring similar questions
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืงืืžื• ื—ืงืจื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช
00:50
under the banner of a new philosophy called existentialism.
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ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื.
00:55
Existentialists believed people were born as blank slates,
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ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื›ื“ืฃ ื—ืœืง,
00:59
each responsible for creating their lifeโ€™s meaning amidst a chaotic world.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ืื•ื˜ื™.
01:04
But Camus rejected their school of thought.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืืžื™ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:07
He argued all people were born with a shared human nature
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื ื˜ื‘ืข ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
01:11
that bonded them toward common goals.
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ืฉืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช.
01:14
One such goal was to seek out meaning despite the worldโ€™s arbitrary cruelty.
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ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืงืจืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:21
Camus viewed humanityโ€™s desire for meaning and the universeโ€™s silent indifference
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ืงืืžื™ ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
01:27
as two incompatible puzzle pieces,
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ื›ืฉืชื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืคืื–ืœ ืœื ืชื•ืืžื•ืช,
01:31
and considered trying to fit them together to be fundamentally absurd.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื.
01:37
This tension became the heart of Camusโ€™ Philosophy of the Absurd,
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ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืœื‘ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ืฉืœ ืงืืžื™,
01:42
which argued that life is inherently futile.
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ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื.
01:46
Exploring how to live without meaning
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ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
01:49
became the guiding question behind Camusโ€™ early work,
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืงืืžื™,
01:52
which he called his โ€œcycle of the absurd.โ€
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ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืงืจื "ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“."
01:56
The star of this cycle, and Camusโ€™ first published novel,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืงืืžื™,
02:00
offers a rather bleak response.
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ ืขื’ื•ืžื”.
02:03
"The Stranger" follows Meursault, an emotionally detached young man
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"ื”ื–ืจ" ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืืจืกื•, ืื™ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืžื ื•ืชืง ืจื’ืฉื™ืช
02:08
who doesnโ€™t attribute much meaning to anything.
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ืฉืœื ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
02:12
He doesnโ€™t cry at his motherโ€™s funeral,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืื™ืžื•,
02:15
he supports his neighborโ€™s scheme to humiliate a woman,
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ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืื™ืฉื”,
02:18
he even commits a violent crime โ€” but Meaursault feels no remorse.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ืคืฉืข ืืœื™ื -- ืื‘ืœ ืžืจืกื• ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ืจื˜ื”.
02:24
For him the world is pointless and moral judgment has no place in it.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืขืจื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืงื•ื.
02:31
This attitude creates hostility between Meursault
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืืจืกื•
02:34
and the orderly society he inhabits,
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™,
02:37
slowly increasing his alienation until the novelโ€™s explosive climax.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืฉืœื• ืขื“ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื ืคื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ.
02:43
Unlike his spurned protagonist, Camus was celebrated for his honest philosophy.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ืฉืœื•, ืงืืžื™ ืžื”ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉืœื•.
02:49
"The Stranger" catapulted him to fame, and Camus continued producing works
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"ื”ื–ืจ" ืฉื™ื’ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื”ื™ืœื”, ื•ืงืืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช
02:54
that explored the value of life amidst absurdity
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ืฉื—ืงืจื• ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“
02:58
many of which circled back to the same philosophical question:
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืื•ืชื” ืฉืืœื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช:
03:02
if life is truly meaningless,
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ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
03:05
is committing suicide the only rational response?
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ื”ืื ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”?
03:09
Camusโ€™ answer was an emphatic โ€œno.โ€
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืืžื™ ื”ื™ืชื” "ืœื" ืืžืคืชื™.
03:13
There may not be any explanation for our unjust world,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืง ืฉืœื ื•,
03:17
but choosing to live regardless is the deepest expression
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืงื”
03:21
of our genuine freedom.
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ืœื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:23
Camus explains this in one of his most famous essays
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ืงืืžื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืœื•
03:26
which centers on the Greek myth of Sisyphus.
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ืฉืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก.
03:30
Sisyphus was a king who cheated the gods,
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ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ืฉื‘ื’ื“ ื‘ืืœื™ื,
03:33
and was condemned to endlessly roll a boulder up a hill.
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ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ืกืœืข ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื’ื‘ืขื” ืœืชืžื™ื“.
03:38
The cruelty of his punishment lies in its singular futility,
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ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•
03:42
but Camus argues all of humanity is in the same position.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืืžื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘.
03:47
And only when we accept the meaninglessness of our lives
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ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
03:50
can we face the absurd with our heads held high.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ื›ืฉืจืืฉื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจืžื™ื.
03:55
As Camus says, when the king chooses to begin his relentless task once more,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืืžื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ื‘,
04:00
โ€œOne must imagine Sisyphus happy.โ€
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"ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืžื—."
04:03
Camusโ€™ contemporaries werenโ€™t so accepting of futility.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืงืืžื™ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
04:07
Many existentialists advocated for violent revolution
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ืืงื–ืกื˜ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืืœื™ืžื”
04:11
to upend systems they believed were depriving people of agency and purpose.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
04:17
Camus responded with his second set of work: the cycle of revolt.
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ืงืืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœื•: ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช.
04:21
In "The Rebel," he explored rebellion as a creative act,
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ื‘"ื”ืžื•ืจื“," ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื“ ื›ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช,
04:26
rather than a destructive one.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช.
04:28
Camus believed that inverting power dynamics
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ืงืืžื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื”ื›ื•ื—
04:31
only led to an endless cycle of violence.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืจืง ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
04:35
Instead, the way to avoid needless bloodshed
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช
04:38
is to establish a public understanding of our shared human nature.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:43
Ironically, it was this cycle of relatively peaceful ideas
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื
04:47
that triggered his fallout with many fellow writers and philosophers.
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื• ืขื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:52
Despite the controversy,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
04:54
Camus began work on his most lengthy and personal novel yet:
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ืงืืžื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื• ืขื“ ืื–:
04:58
an autobiographical work entitled "The First Man."
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ."
05:03
The novel was intended to be the first piece in a hopeful new direction:
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ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”:
05:08
the cycle of love.
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ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.
05:10
But in 1960, Camus suddenly died in a car accident
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1960, ืงืืžื™ ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื
05:14
that can only be described as meaningless and absurd.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืืจ ืจืง ื›ื—ืกืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ืช.
05:19
While the world never saw his cycle of love,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื” ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•,
05:22
his cycles of revolt and absurdity continue to resonate with readers today.
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ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ ื•ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ืฉืœื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:27
His concept of absurdity has become a part of world literature,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
05:32
20th century philosophy, and even pop culture.
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช.
05:37
Today, Camus remains a trusted guide for moments of uncertainty;
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืงืืžื™ ื ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช:
05:42
his ideas defiantly imbuing a senseless world with inspiration
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืชืจืกื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ืกืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉืจืื”
05:48
rather than defeat.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชื‘ื•ืกื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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