The rise and fall of the medieval Islamic Empire - Petra Sijpesteijn & Birte Kristiansen

1,637,854 views

2022-08-09 ใƒป TED-Ed


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The rise and fall of the medieval Islamic Empire - Petra Sijpesteijn & Birte Kristiansen

1,637,854 views ใƒป 2022-08-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the 7th century CE, one man started a chain of events
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-7 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื
00:12
that would change the world order for good.
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืžื™ื“.
00:15
The prophet Muhammad united the people of the Arabian Peninsula
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘
00:19
through the formation of Islam.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกืœืื.
00:21
These people included both nomadic Bedouin tribes
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœืœื• ื’ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื
00:25
and the inhabitants of oasis cities like Mecca and Medina.
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ื•ื’ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืขืจื™ ื ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
00:29
Until Muhammadโ€™s time, the region hadnโ€™t been considered a serious match
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ืขื“ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ืžืชืื™ื
00:34
for the powerful neighboring Persian and Byzantine empires.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
00:38
But the alliance Muhammad formed was political as well as religious,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื“ืชื™ืช,
00:42
an empire with Medina as its political heart
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ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืขื โ€œืžื“ื™ื ื”โ€ ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”
00:45
and a force to be reckoned with.
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ื•ื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื•.
00:47
Muhammad was a one-of-a-kind leader.
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ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•.
00:49
He had been a member of the Quraysh, the tribe that controlled Mecca.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ื™ืฉ, ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืžื›ื”.
00:54
After Muhammadโ€™s death,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“,
00:55
those close to him deliberated who should succeed himโ€”
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ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื• ืžื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืฉืช ืื•ืชื• -
00:59
a contentious question.
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ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
01:01
Abลซ Bakr, Muhammadโ€™s father-in-law,
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ืื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืจ, ื—ื•ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“,
01:03
emerged victorious and became the new caliph, or successor.
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ื™ืฆื ืžื ืฆื— ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืื• ื”ื™ื•ืจืฉ.
01:08
Over the next 30 years, four caliphs, all from Muhammad's tribe,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—โ€™ืœื™ืคื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ืžื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“,
01:13
conquered vast areas beyond Arabia,
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ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืจื‘,
01:15
including their mighty neighbors, the Persians and the Byzantines.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื.
01:20
But as the empire expanded, dissent within it grew
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื’ื“ืœ
01:24
and a civil war erupted.
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ื•ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
01:26
The fourth caliph, Ali, was assassinated.
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ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืขืœื™, ื ืจืฆื—.
01:30
Afterwards, the Umayyad Dynasty came to power.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืื•ืžื™ื™ื” ืขืœืชื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:34
The Umayyads were from the same tribe as Muhammad,
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ื”ืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื—ืžื“,
01:36
but from a different, rival clan.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžืชื—ืจื”.
01:39
They extended the empireโ€™s reach from present-day Spain to India
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ื”ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืžืกืคืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ื“ื•
01:43
and made Damascus their capital.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื“ืžืฉืง ืœื‘ื™ืจืชื.
01:46
But an empire this vast, full of many different peoples,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ืžืœืื” ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:49
was at risk of conflict and fracture.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš ื•ืฉื‘ืจ.
01:52
The Umayyads stabilized it by replacing the ruling elite in conquered territories
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ื”ืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื•
01:57
with Muslim officials,
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ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื,
01:59
while largely allowing the day-to-day customs of local populationsโ€”
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช-
02:03
including their religious preferencesโ€” to continue.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช- ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš.
02:07
Arabic was used as the administrative language,
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ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช,
02:10
unifying political affairs across the empire,
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ืฉืžืื—ื“ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”,
02:13
but people continued to speak and write local languages, too.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:18
Still, many in the empire were dissatisfied with Umayyad rule
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื™ื™
02:22
and questioned the dynasty's legitimacy.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืกืคืง ื‘ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช.
02:25
The Abbasid family capitalized on these sentiments,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืขื‘ืืกื™ืช ื ื™ืฆืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
02:28
promoting themselves as more direct descendants of the prophet,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื,
02:32
though their actual relation to Muhammad was more tenuous than they claimed.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื”ื™ื” ืงืœื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื˜ืขื ื•.
02:36
They overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 CE,
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ื”ื ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื™ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 750 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:40
becoming the second great dynasty of the Islamic Empire.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช.
02:44
To establish themselves as the new rulers,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:47
they relocated the capital once more,
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ื”ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช,
02:49
this time building a new city: Baghdad.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื”: ื‘ื’ื“ืื“.
02:52
Under Abbasid rule, the elite enjoyed a lifestyle of luxury,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืืกื™, ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื ื”ื ืชื” ืžืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช,
02:57
thanks to extensive trade networks that brought both products and people
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ืกื—ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื’ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื
03:01
from all over the known world to Baghdad.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื’ื“ื“.
03:04
Byzantine, Persian, Indian and Arab cultures and knowledge intermingled,
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ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืข ืคืจืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื•,
03:10
leading to artistic and scientific advancement.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื“ืขื™.
03:14
The caliph was wealthy and powerful beyond imagination.
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ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื—ื–ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
03:18
But there was never a clear line of succession
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”
03:20
dictating who would become the next caliph.
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ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ื.
03:23
Any male relative of the former caliph was eligible,
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ื›ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื™ืจ,
03:26
so brothers, nephews, and uncles fought to gain power.
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ืื– ืื—ื™ื, ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ื•ื—.
03:31
Within the court, army officers, wives, concubines, and government officials
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ื, ื ืฉื™ื, ืคื™ืœื’ืฉื™ื, ื•ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ
03:36
all demanded their share of the treasury.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื“ืจืฉื• ืืช ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ.
03:39
Because the caliph depended on his entourage to stay in power,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืคืžืœื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
03:43
each transition of rulership opened the doors for favoritism and corruption.
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ื›ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืชื— ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ื˜ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
03:48
Outside the court,
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืฆืจ,
03:49
many questioned the legitimacy of the caliph,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืกืคืง ื‘ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ,
03:52
noting that the caliphโ€™s religious duty to moral excellence
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ืžืฆื™ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช
03:56
was at odds with the courtโ€™s decadent displays of wealth.
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ืกืชืจื” ืืช ืžื•ืคืขื™ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื“ืงื“ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”ืžโ€œืฉ.
03:59
In 1258 CE, the Mongols approached Baghdad.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1258 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื• ืœื‘ื’ื“ื“
04:03
They encountered little resistance as they thoroughly destroyed the city.
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ื•ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืจืกื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
04:07
Legend has it that they rolled the caliph in a rug
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ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื’ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ื—
04:10
and had horses trample him to death,
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ื•ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ืจืžืกื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช,
04:12
and that the Tigris River ran black from the ink of the manuscripts
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ื•ื›ื™ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื“ืงืœ ื–ืจื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื”ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“
04:16
that were thrown into it.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
04:18
The siege of Baghdad laid bare a longstanding reality:
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ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื“ ื—ืฉืฃ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื:
04:22
for centuries, the caliphs had ruled mostly symbolically.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืžืœื™.
04:26
Local leaders throughout the empire had grown more powerful,
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:29
and they refused to pay taxes,
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ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื,
04:31
spending the money on their own courts instead.
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
04:34
The time of one united Islamic Empire was over,
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ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืืกืœืืžื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืื—ืช ืชื,
04:38
but its influence through written and spoken Arabic,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช,
04:41
Islam, and the ideas of its greatest intellectuals,
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ื”ืื™ืกืœืื, ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืœื”,
04:45
left a lasting mark on the world.
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ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืชื ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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