The rise and fall of the medieval Islamic Empire - Petra Sijpesteijn & Birte Kristiansen

1,724,151 views

2022-08-09 ・ TED-Ed


New videos

The rise and fall of the medieval Islamic Empire - Petra Sijpesteijn & Birte Kristiansen

1,724,151 views ・ 2022-08-09

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seohee Kim κ²€ν† : Grace Choi
00:07
In the 7th century CE, one man started a chain of events
0
7712
4880
7세기에, ν•œ λ‚¨μžλ‘œ 인해 세계 μ§ˆμ„œλ₯Ό μ™„μ „νžˆ λ’€λ°”κΏ€ 일련의 사건듀이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:12
that would change the world order for good.
1
12592
2335
00:15
The prophet Muhammad united the people of the Arabian Peninsula
2
15428
4046
μ˜ˆμ–Έμž λ¬΄ν•¨λ§ˆλ“œλŠ” 이슬람 창건을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ•„λΌλΉ„μ•„λ°˜λ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ λͺ¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
through the formation of Islam.
3
19474
2002
00:21
These people included both nomadic Bedouin tribes
4
21893
3461
κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—” 유λͺ©λ―ΌμΈ 베두인쑱과 λ”λΆˆμ–΄
00:25
and the inhabitants of oasis cities like Mecca and Medina.
5
25354
3587
λ©”μΉ΄λ‚˜ λ©”λ””λ‚˜μ™€ 같은 μ˜€μ•„μ‹œμŠ€ λ„μ‹œμ˜ 주민듀도 포함됐죠.
00:29
Until Muhammad’s time, the region hadn’t been considered a serious match
6
29317
4963
λ¬΄ν•¨λ§ˆλ“œ μ΄μ „μ˜ μ•„λΌλΉ„μ•„λŠ” 페λ₯΄μ‹œμ•„λ‚˜ λΉ„μž”ν‹°μ›€ 제ꡭ과 같은 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 이웃듀과 μ „ν˜€ μƒλŒ€κ°€ λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:34
for the powerful neighboring Persian and Byzantine empires.
7
34280
3670
00:38
But the alliance Muhammad formed was political as well as religious,
8
38367
3963
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬΄ν•¨λ§ˆλ“œκ°€ ν˜•μ„±ν•œ 연합은 쒅ꡐ적일 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ •μΉ˜μ μ΄μ—ˆκ³ 
00:42
an empire with Medina as its political heart
9
42330
3044
λ©”λ””λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ •μΉ˜μ  심μž₯λΆ€λ‘œ κ°€μ§€λŠ” μ œκ΅­μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©°
00:45
and a force to be reckoned with.
10
45374
1836
λ¬΄μ‹œν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μ„Έλ ₯μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:47
Muhammad was a one-of-a-kind leader.
11
47293
2294
λ¬΄ν•¨λ§ˆλ“œλŠ” μœ μΌλ¬΄μ΄ν•œ λ¦¬λ”μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
He had been a member of the Quraysh, the tribe that controlled Mecca.
12
49796
4129
κ·ΈλŠ” λ©”μΉ΄λ₯Ό ν†΅μΉ˜ν–ˆλ˜ μΏ λΌμ΄μ‹œμ‘± μΆœμ‹ μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:54
After Muhammad’s death,
13
54175
1793
λ¬΄ν•¨λ§ˆλ“œμ˜ 사망 이후
00:55
those close to him deliberated who should succeed himβ€”
14
55968
2962
그의 츑근듀은 λˆ„κ°€ κ·Έλ₯Ό κ³„μŠΉν• μ§€ μ‹¬μ‚¬μˆ™κ³ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
a contentious question.
15
59263
1544
μ΄λŠ” μ»€λ‹€λž€ λ…ΌμŸκ±°λ¦¬μ˜€μ£ .
01:01
AbΕ« Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law,
16
61099
2669
κ²°κ΅­μ—” λ¬΄ν•¨λ§ˆλ“œμ˜ μž₯인, μ•„λΆ€ 바크λ₯΄κ°€ 승기λ₯Ό μž‘μ•„ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 칼리프,
01:03
emerged victorious and became the new caliph, or successor.
17
63768
3837
λ‹€λ₯Έ 말둜 κ³„μŠΉμžκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
Over the next 30 years, four caliphs, all from Muhammad's tribe,
18
68189
4922
κ·Έ ν›„ 30λ…„κ°„ λ¬΄ν•¨λ§ˆλ“œμ™€ 같은 λΆ€μ‘± μΆœμ‹ μ˜ 4λͺ…μ˜ μΉΌλ¦¬ν”„λŠ”
01:13
conquered vast areas beyond Arabia,
19
73111
2502
아라비아λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄ κ΄‘λŒ€ν•œ 지역을 μ •λ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
including their mighty neighbors, the Persians and the Byzantines.
20
75905
4171
λ§‰κ°•ν•œ μ΄μ›ƒμ΄μ—ˆλ˜ 페λ₯΄μ‹œμ•„와 λΉ„μž”ν‹°μ›€μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•΄μ„œμš”.
01:20
But as the empire expanded, dissent within it grew
21
80368
3879
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 제ꡭ이 ν™•μž₯ν•˜μž, λ‚΄λΆ€μ˜ λ°˜λŒ€ μ„Έλ ₯이 컀져
01:24
and a civil war erupted.
22
84247
1793
내전이 λ°œλ°œν–ˆμ£ .
01:26
The fourth caliph, Ali, was assassinated.
23
86457
3379
4번째 μΉΌλ¦¬ν”„μ˜€λ˜ μ•Œλ¦¬λŠ” μ•”μ‚΄λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
Afterwards, the Umayyad Dynasty came to power.
24
90211
3503
이후, μš°λ§ˆμ΄μ•Ό μ™•μ‘°κ°€ λ“€μ–΄μ„œκ²Œ λΌμš”.
01:34
The Umayyads were from the same tribe as Muhammad,
25
94048
2836
μš°λ§ˆμ΄μ•ΌμΈλ“€μ€ λ¬΄ν•¨λ§ˆλ“œμ™€ 같은 λΆ€μ‘± μΆœμ‹ μ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:36
but from a different, rival clan.
26
96884
2002
λΆ€μ‘± μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 라이벌 μ§‘λ‹¨μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
01:39
They extended the empire’s reach from present-day Spain to India
27
99220
4171
그듀은 제ꡭ의 ꡭ경을 ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈλΆ€ν„° μΈλ„κΉŒμ§€ λ„“ν˜”κ³ 
01:43
and made Damascus their capital.
28
103516
2044
λ‹€λ§ˆμŠ€μΏ μŠ€λ₯Ό μˆ˜λ„λ‘œ μ‚Όμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
But an empire this vast, full of many different peoples,
29
106060
3879
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ±°λŒ€ν–ˆκ³  λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œ κ°€λ“ν–ˆλ˜ μ œκ΅­μ€
01:49
was at risk of conflict and fracture.
30
109939
2419
κ°ˆλ“±κ³Ό κ· μ—΄μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ— λ†“μ΄κ²Œ 됐죠.
01:52
The Umayyads stabilized it by replacing the ruling elite in conquered territories
31
112692
5172
이λ₯Ό μ•ˆμ •μ‹œν‚€κ³ μž μš°λ§ˆμ΄μ•ΌμΈλ“€μ€
μ •λ³΅λœ μ˜ν† μ˜ ν†΅μΉ˜μžλ₯Ό 무슬림 κ΄€λ¦¬λ‘œ κ΅μ²΄ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„
01:57
with Muslim officials,
32
117864
1626
01:59
while largely allowing the day-to-day customs of local populationsβ€”
33
119490
4421
ν˜„μ§€ 인ꡬ의 μƒν™œ κ΄€μŠ΅ μœ μ§€λŠ” λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ ν—ˆμš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
including their religious preferencesβ€” to continue.
34
123911
3170
μ„ ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” μ’…κ΅μ˜ μœ μ§€λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•΄μ„œμš”.
02:07
Arabic was used as the administrative language,
35
127582
2836
ν–‰μ •μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•„λžμ–΄λ₯Ό 곡식 μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
02:10
unifying political affairs across the empire,
36
130543
2919
제ꡭ μ „λ°˜μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ  μ΄μŠˆλ“€μ„ ν†΅ν•©ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:13
but people continued to speak and write local languages, too.
37
133838
3795
주민듀은 ν˜„μ§€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 계속 λ§ν•˜κ³  μ“Έ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
Still, many in the empire were dissatisfied with Umayyad rule
38
138342
4338
κ·ΈλŸ°λ°λ„ μ—¬μ „νžˆ, 제ꡭ λ‚΄μ˜ λ‹€μˆ˜λŠ” μš°λ§ˆμ΄μ•Ό κ·œμœ¨μ— λΆˆλ§Œμ„ κ°€μ‘Œκ³ 
02:22
and questioned the dynasty's legitimacy.
39
142680
2461
μš°λ§ˆμ΄μ•Ό μ™•μ‘°μ˜ 정당성에 μ˜λ¬Έμ„ μ œκΈ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:25
The Abbasid family capitalized on these sentiments,
40
145433
3128
μ•„λ°”μŠ€ 가문은 이 μ •μ„œλ₯Ό 발판으둜 μ‚Όμ•„
02:28
promoting themselves as more direct descendants of the prophet,
41
148728
3462
μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ μ˜ˆμ–Έμž λ¬΄ν•¨λ§ˆλ“œμ˜ 정톡 ν›„κ³„μžλΌκ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμ£ .
02:32
though their actual relation to Muhammad was more tenuous than they claimed.
42
152315
4045
비둝 λ¬΄ν•¨λ§ˆλ“œμ™€μ˜ μ‹€μ œ ν˜ˆμ—°κ΄€κ³„λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ£Όμž₯보닀 더 μ•½ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œμš”.
02:36
They overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 CE,
43
156611
3878
μ•„λ°”μŠ€ 가문은 750년에 μš°λ§ˆμ΄μ•Ό μ™•μ‘°λ₯Ό λ¬΄λ„ˆλœ¨λ¦¬κ³ 
02:40
becoming the second great dynasty of the Islamic Empire.
44
160489
3295
이슬람 제ꡭ의 두 번째 λŒ€μ™•μ‘°κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
To establish themselves as the new rulers,
45
164785
2545
그듀은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν†΅μΉ˜μž μ§€μœ„λ₯Ό ν™•κ³ νžˆ ν•˜κ³ μž
02:47
they relocated the capital once more,
46
167330
2460
μˆ˜λ„λ₯Ό 또 ν•œ 번 μ΄μ „ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:49
this time building a new city: Baghdad.
47
169790
2837
μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ„μ‹œ, λ°”κ·Έλ‹€λ“œλ₯Ό κ±΄μ„€ν–ˆμ£ .
02:52
Under Abbasid rule, the elite enjoyed a lifestyle of luxury,
48
172919
4337
μ•„λ°”μŠ€ μ™•μ‘°μ˜ κ·œμœ¨ν•˜μ—μ„œ, μ—˜λ¦¬νŠΈλ“€μ€ ν˜Έν™”λ‘œμš΄ 삢을 λˆ„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
thanks to extensive trade networks that brought both products and people
49
177256
4046
κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ 무역망 λ•λΆ„μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
λ‹Ήμ‹œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ˜ 인적, 물적 μžμ›μ„
03:01
from all over the known world to Baghdad.
50
181302
2544
λ°”κ·Έλ‹€λ“œλ‘œ κ°€μ Έλ‹€μ£Όμ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:04
Byzantine, Persian, Indian and Arab cultures and knowledge intermingled,
51
184263
6173
λΉ„μž”ν‹°μ›€, 페λ₯΄μ‹œμ•„, 인도, μ•„λžμ˜ 문화와 지식이 ν•œλ° μ„žμ—¬
03:10
leading to artistic and scientific advancement.
52
190603
3253
예술과 κ³Όν•™μ˜ λ°œμ „μ„ μ΄λŒμ—ˆμ£ .
03:14
The caliph was wealthy and powerful beyond imagination.
53
194065
3503
μΉΌλ¦¬ν”„λŠ” 상상을 μ΄ˆμ›”ν•  μ •λ„λ‘œ λΆ€μœ ν•˜κ³  κ°•λ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
But there was never a clear line of succession
54
198236
2252
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λˆ„κ°€ λ‹€μŒ 칼리프가 될지λ₯Ό μ •ν•  λͺ…ν™•ν•œ κ³„μŠΉκΆŒμ΄ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
dictating who would become the next caliph.
55
200488
2544
03:23
Any male relative of the former caliph was eligible,
56
203366
3336
μ „λŒ€ μΉΌλ¦¬ν”„μ˜ 남성 μΉœμΈμ²™λ“€μ€ λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ κ³„μŠΉκΆŒμ„ κ°€μ‘ŒκΈ°μ—
03:26
so brothers, nephews, and uncles fought to gain power.
57
206702
4213
ν˜•μ œ, μ‘°μΉ΄, μ‚Όμ΄Œλ“€μ€ ꢌλ ₯을 μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ νˆ¬μŸν–ˆμ£ .
03:31
Within the court, army officers, wives, concubines, and government officials
58
211290
5673
왕ꢁ λ‚΄μ—μ„œλŠ” κ΅° 관리, μ•„λ‚΄, 첩, μ •λΆ€ 관리듀 λͺ¨λ‘
03:36
all demanded their share of the treasury.
59
216963
2460
μœ μ‚°μ—μ„œ μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ λͺ«μ„ μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆκ³ μš”.
03:39
Because the caliph depended on his entourage to stay in power,
60
219840
3671
μΉΌλ¦¬ν”„λŠ” ꢌλ ₯을 μœ μ§€ν•˜κ³ μž μžμ‹ μ˜ μˆ˜μ‘±λ“€μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν–ˆκΈ°μ—
03:43
each transition of rulership opened the doors for favoritism and corruption.
61
223761
4713
ꢌλ ₯ 이양 λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ νŽΈμ• μ™€ λΆ€μ •λΆ€νŒ¨μ— 문을 μ—΄μ–΄μ£ΌλŠ” 꼴이 됐죠.
03:48
Outside the court,
62
228641
1293
왕ꢁ λ°–μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:49
many questioned the legitimacy of the caliph,
63
229934
2836
λ§Žμ€ 이듀이 μΉΌλ¦¬ν”„μ˜ 정톡성에 μ˜λ¬Έμ„ μ œκΈ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:52
noting that the caliph’s religious duty to moral excellence
64
232770
3462
μΉΌλ¦¬ν”„μ—κ²Œ μš”κ΅¬λ˜λŠ” 쒅ꡐ적 μ˜λ¬΄λΆ€ν„° μ™„λ²½ν•œ 도덕성이
03:56
was at odds with the court’s decadent displays of wealth.
65
236232
3086
λΆ€λ₯Ό λ‚΄μ„Έμš°λŠ” νƒ€λ½ν•œ 왕ꢁ과 μƒμΆ©ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œμš”.
03:59
In 1258 CE, the Mongols approached Baghdad.
66
239610
4088
1258λ…„, λͺ½κ³¨κ΅°μ΄ λ°”κ·Έλ‹€λ“œμ— μ ‘κ·Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
They encountered little resistance as they thoroughly destroyed the city.
67
243990
3628
그듀은 별 μ €ν•­ 없이 λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ νŒŒκ΄΄ν–ˆμ£ .
04:07
Legend has it that they rolled the caliph in a rug
68
247952
2753
전섀에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄ λͺ½κ³¨κ΅°λ“€μ€ 칼리프λ₯Ό μ–‘νƒ„μžλ‘œ 말은 후에
04:10
and had horses trample him to death,
69
250705
2043
말듀이 λ°Ÿμ•„ 죽이게 ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•΄μš”.
04:12
and that the Tigris River ran black from the ink of the manuscripts
70
252999
3211
또 ν‹°κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€κ°•μ€ κ·Έ μ•ˆμ— λ˜μ Έμ§„ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ¬Έμ„œμ˜ μž‰ν¬ λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
κ²€κ²Œ λ¬Όλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€κ³ λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
04:16
that were thrown into it.
71
256210
1627
04:18
The siege of Baghdad laid bare a longstanding reality:
72
258587
3462
λ°”κ·Έλ‹€λ“œ 함락은 였랜 ν˜„μ‹€μ„ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ“œλŸ¬λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
for centuries, the caliphs had ruled mostly symbolically.
73
262300
3753
수 μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ, 칼리프듀은 κ·Έμ € 상징적인 ν†΅μΉ˜λ₯Ό ν–ˆμ„ λΏμ΄λΌκ³ μš”.
04:26
Local leaders throughout the empire had grown more powerful,
74
266512
3212
제ꡭ λ‚΄ 각 μ§€μ—­ ν†΅μΉ˜μžλ“€μ€ 더 λ§‰κ°•ν•΄μ‘ŒμœΌλ©°
04:29
and they refused to pay taxes,
75
269724
2002
μ„ΈκΈˆμ„ λ‚΄κΈΈ κ±°λΆ€ν–ˆκ³ 
04:31
spending the money on their own courts instead.
76
271726
2669
λŒ€μ‹  μžμ‹ μ˜ κΆμ—λ§Œ λˆμ„ 썼죠.
04:34
The time of one united Islamic Empire was over,
77
274979
3253
ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ ν†΅μΌλœ 이슬람 제ꡭ의 μ‹œλŒ€λŠ” 끝이 λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
but its influence through written and spoken Arabic,
78
278524
3295
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 영ν–₯은 μ•„λžμ–΄ ꡬ어와 λ¬Έμ–΄,
04:41
Islam, and the ideas of its greatest intellectuals,
79
281819
3587
이슬람, 그리고 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ ν•™μžλ“€μ˜ 지식을 톡해 남아
04:45
left a lasting mark on the world.
80
285406
2502
이 세상에 μ˜μ›ν•œ 흔적을 λ‚¨κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7