How the Suez Canal changed the world - Lucia Carminati

861,748 views ใƒป 2022-05-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Jenny Rublevsky
00:11
In March 2021, fierce winds blew a container ship off course.
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021, ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื“ื—ืคื• ืื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื”.
00:15
In most places, this would have caused a minor incident.
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืœื™ืช.
00:19
But in the Suez Canal, it was a global crisis.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™.
00:22
This vessel wasnโ€™t just blocking other shipsโ€”
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ื”ืื ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื—ืกืžื” ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช --
00:25
It was obstructing the flow of international trade
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืžื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
00:28
through one of the worldโ€™s most important waterways.
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:31
The site of the Suez Canal has been of interest to rulers of this region
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ืืชืจ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ
00:35
as far back as the second millennium BCE.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
00:39
To move goods between Asia and the Mediterranean basin,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื™ื” ื•ืื’ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:42
traders had to traverse the narrow isthmus separating the Red Sea and the Nile,
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ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก,
00:47
journeying in camel-bound caravans through the unforgiving desert.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืžืœื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื›ื–ืจื™.
00:52
A maritime passage between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
00:57
would bypass this trip altogether.
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ื™ืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”.
00:59
And throughout the 16th century,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื” 16,
01:01
multiple powers attempted to construct such a canal.
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชืขืœื” ื›ื–ื•.
01:05
But their plans were obstructed by cost, political strife,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืคืจืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:09
and the ever-shifting sands.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื•.
01:11
In 1798, interest in building a canal was rekindled,
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ื‘ 1798, ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืขืœื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืฉื•ื‘,
01:15
this time attracting attention from across Europe.
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ื”ืคืขื ืžืฉื›ื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:19
Over the following decades, individuals from Austria, Italy, Britain, and France
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช
01:26
pitched their plans to Egyptโ€™s rulers.
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ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื.
01:29
At the time, Egypt was a territory of the Ottoman Empire,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืชื•ืžืื ื™ืช,
01:32
which was resistant to these proposals.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:35
But Egypt's political and economic autonomy was gradually increasing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”,
01:40
and its government was eager to pursue the project.
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ื˜ื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
01:43
When Saโ€™id Pasha came into power in 1854, he approved a plan
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ื›ืฉืกืขื™ื“ ืคืืฉื” ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ 1845, ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
01:48
from the enterprising and manipulative French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps.
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ืžื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ ื”ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“ ื“ื” ืœืกืคืก.
01:53
Signed in 1854 and 1856, a pair of concessions gave de Lesseps
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ื–ื•ื’ ื–ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ื‘ 1854 ื• 1856 ื ืชื ื• ืœื“ื” ืœืกืคืก
01:59
authority to establish the Suez Canal Company
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ื”ืจืฉืื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ
02:01
and finance it by selling shares to โ€œcapitalists of all nations.โ€
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ื•ืœืžืžืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœโ€œืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช.โ€
02:06
The contracts between Saโ€™id Pasha and the Canal Company
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ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ื“ ืคืืฉื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืขืœื”
02:10
also promised a workforce of hundreds of thousands of Egyptian workers.
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื’ื ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื.
02:15
Beginning in 1862, about 20,000 laborers were forcibly recruited every month,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืž 1862, ื‘ืขืจืš 20,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื• ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
02:22
digging the canal in harsh desert conditions
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ื—ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื™ื
02:25
without easy access to food or water.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืงืœื” ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืื• ืžื™ื.
02:28
Diseases like cholera ran rampant and workers toiled under the threat of whips.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
02:33
The estimates of those who died during construction range into the thousands.
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ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืœืคื™ื.
02:38
In 1864, the new Egyptian ruler, Ismaโ€™il Pasha,
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ื‘ 1864, ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืื™ืกืžืขื™ืœ ืคืืฉื”,
02:43
put an end to the coerced Egyptian labor,
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ืฉื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ื”,
02:45
but he still pressed forward with construction.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ืฃ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”.
02:49
Foreign workers from all over Europe and the Middle East
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
02:52
labored alongside dredgers and bucket excavators
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื—ืคืจื™ื ื•ื“ื—ืคื•ืจื™ื
02:55
to remove 74 million cubic meters of dirt.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– 74 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”.
02:59
This massive population of workers required infrastructure
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช
03:03
to deliver drinking water and other supplies,
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ืœืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:06
giving rise to a flourishing economy of restaurants, brothels, and smuggled goods.
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื—ืฃ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืจื—ื•ืช.
03:12
Amidst the bustle were born three new cities with multi-ethnic populations:
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืžื•ืœื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช:
03:17
Port Said on the northern Mediterranean shore,
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ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ,
03:21
Ismailia on the canal's middle tract,
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ืื™ืกืžืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”,
03:24
and Port Tewfiq, at the southern edge of the canal.
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ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ ืชืื•ืคื™ืง, ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”.
03:27
The construction site bypassed the Nile and ran directly from Port Said to Suez.
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ืืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ืœืกื•ืืฅ.
03:33
And after years of work, the streams of the two seas finally began merging
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
03:38
in the mid-1860s.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19.
03:40
The finished canal was 164 kilometers long,
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ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 164 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
03:44
with a width of 56 meters at the surface,
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 56 ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
03:47
and it was officially inaugurated on November 17th, 1869.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืงื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ 17 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, 1869.
03:52
While it struggled financially during its first few years,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:55
the canal ended up dramatically accelerating global trade.
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ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
03:58
It also facilitated the migration of numerous marine species,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื” ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
04:02
dramatically changing local ecosystems and cuisine.
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื.
04:07
Over the decades, traffic through the canal grew.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ื’ื‘ืจื”.
04:10
But in 1875,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1875,
04:12
financial issues forced Egypt to sell much of its stock in the Canal Company,
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืขืœื”,
04:17
allowing Britain to take over.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜.
04:20
It was only in 1956 that control of the canal fully reverted to Egypt
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ืจืง ื‘ 1956 ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืชืขืœื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื™ื
04:24
when it was nationalized by President Gamal Abdel Nasser.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ.
04:29
This move sparked a military standoff
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื’ืจืžื” ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™
04:31
between Egypt and Britain, France, and Israel.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
04:34
But once resolved,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืชืจ,
04:36
it transformed the canal into a major source of Egypt's national revenue
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื™ื
04:40
and helped redeem the canal's imperialist legacy.
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ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”.
04:43
Today, nearly 30% of all global ship traffic passes through the Suez Canal,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ 30% ืžื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื“ืจืš ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ,
04:49
totaling over 20,000 ships in 2021.
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ืœืกืš ืฉืœ 20,000 ืื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ 2021.
04:52
However, the incident of the Ever Given is a stark reminder
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชืงืจื™ืช ื”โ€œืื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸโ€ ื”ื™ื ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืงืฉื”
04:56
of just how fragile our manmade systems can be.
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ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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