How does alcohol make you drunk? - Judy Grisel

8,700,383 views ใƒป 2020-04-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Ethanol: this molecule, made of little more than a few carbon atoms,
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ืืชืื ื•ืœ: ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
00:12
is responsible for drunkenness.
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ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืฉื›ืจื•ืช.
00:15
Often simply referred to as alcohol,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
00:17
ethanol is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชืื ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื.
00:21
Its simplicity helps it sneak across membranes
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ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื ื‘ ื“ืจืš ืงืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื,
00:23
and nestle into a many different nooks,
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ืœืงื ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:26
producing a wide range of effects compared to other, clunkier molecules.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:31
So how exactly does it cause drunkenness,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื›ืจื•ืช,
00:33
and why does it have dramatically different effects on different people?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
00:38
To answer these questions,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
00:40
weโ€™ll need to follow alcohol on its journey through the body.
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืขื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:43
Alcohol lands in the stomach and is absorbed into the blood
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื” ื•ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ื“ื
00:47
through the digestive tract, especially the small intestine.
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ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง.
00:51
The contents of the stomach impact alcoholโ€™s ability
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ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืกืคื’ ื‘ื“ื,
00:53
to get into the blood because after eating, the pyloric sphincter,
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ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื”ืฉื•ืขืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืจื™,
00:57
which separates the stomach from the small intestine, closes.
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ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง, ื ืกื’ืจ.
01:01
So the level of alcohol that reaches the blood after a big meal
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ืื– ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื“ื ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื•ื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
01:04
might only be a quarter that from the same drink on an empty stomach.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืงื” ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืงื”.
01:09
From the blood, alcohol goes to the organs,
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ืžื”ื“ื, ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:11
especially those that get the most blood flow:
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืืœื” ืขื ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”:
01:14
the liver and the brain.
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ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:16
It hits the liver first, and enzymes in the liver
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“
01:19
break down the alcohol molecule in two steps.
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ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.
01:22
First, an enzyme called ADH turns alcohol into acetaldehyde, which is toxic.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ADH ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœืืฆื˜ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื“, ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ืœ.
01:29
Then, an enzyme called ALDH converts the toxic acetaldehyde to non-toxic acetate.
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ืื–, ืื ื–ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื ALDH ืžืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืฆื˜ืœื“ื”ื™ื™ื“ ืœืืฆื˜ื˜ ืœื ืจืขื™ืœ.
01:36
As the blood circulates, the liver eliminates alcohol continuouslyโ€”
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ื ื–ื•ืจื, ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืกืœืง ืืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ --
01:40
but this first pass of elimination determines how much alcohol
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ืžื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ
01:44
reaches the brain and other organs.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื•ื— ื•ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:47
Brain sensitivity is responsible for the emotional, cognitive,
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ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
01:51
and behavioral effects of alcoholโ€” otherwise known as drunkenness.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ -- ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืฉื›ืจื•ืช.
01:56
Alcohol turns up the brainโ€™s primary brake, the neurotransmitter GABA,
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ GABA,
02:01
and turns down its primary gas, the neurotransmitter glutamate.
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ื•ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื“ื•ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืœื•ื˜ืžืื˜.
02:06
This makes neurons much less communicative,
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ื,
02:08
and users feel relaxed at moderate doses, fall asleep at higher doses,
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ื•ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ืจื“ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:13
and can impede the brain activity necessary for survival at toxic doses.
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ื•ื‘ืžื ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
02:19
Alcohol also stimulates a small group of neurons
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื’ื ืžืžืจื™ืฅ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘
02:22
that extends from the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืžื‘ื ืก,
02:25
a region important for motivation.
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ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.
02:28
Like all addictive drugs,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืžื›ืจื™ื,
02:29
it prompts a squirt of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื ืชื– ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืžื‘ื ืก
02:32
which gives users a surge of pleasure.
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ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืคืจืฅ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื’.
02:36
Alcohol also causes some neurons to synthesize and release endorphins.
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ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื’ื•ืจื ื’ื ืœื›ืžื” ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืœืกื ื˜ื– ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ื.
02:40
Endorphins help us to calm down in response to stress or danger.
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ืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื—ืฅ ืื• ืกื›ื ื”.
02:44
Elevated levels of endorphins contribute to the euphoria
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ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื”
02:47
and relaxation associated with alcohol consumption.
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ื•ืœืจื’ื™ืขื” ืฉื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
02:51
Finally,
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02:51
as the liverโ€™s breakdown of alcohol outpaces the brainโ€™s absorption,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
ื›ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—,
02:55
drunkenness fades away.
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ื”ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื›ื›ืช.
02:58
Individual differences at any point in this journey
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืข, ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื
03:00
can cause people to act more or less drunk.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื.
03:03
For example, a man and a woman who weigh the same and drink the same amount
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ื–ื”ื”
03:07
during an identical meal will still have different blood alcohol concentrations,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื,
03:12
or BACs.
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ืื• BAC.
03:14
This is because women tend to have less bloodโ€”
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“"ื› ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื --
03:17
women generally have a higher percentage of fat,
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ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื—ื•ื– ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:20
which requires less blood than muscle.
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
03:22
A smaller blood volume, carrying the same amount of alcohol,
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ื ืคื— ื“ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
03:25
means the concentration will be higher for women.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
03:29
Genetic differences in the liverโ€™s alcohol processing enzymes also influence BAC.
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžืชื™ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”-BAC.
03:34
And regular drinking can increase production of these enzymes,
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื” ืชื›ื•ืคื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:37
contributing to tolerance.
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ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช.
03:40
On the other hand, those who drink excessively for a long time
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื’ื–ื ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
03:43
may develop liver damage, which has the opposite effect.
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ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
03:48
Meanwhile, genetic differences in dopamine, GABA,
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ, GABA,
03:52
and endorphin transmission may contribute to risk
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
03:54
for developing an alcohol use disorder.
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03:57
Those with naturally low endorphin or dopamine levels may self-medicate
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ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ื ืื• ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ,
ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
04:01
through drinking.
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04:02
Some people have a higher risk for excessive drinking
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ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืชื™ื” ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช
04:05
due to a sensitive endorphin response that increases the pleasurable effects
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ื,
ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขื ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
04:08
of alcohol.
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04:10
Others have a variation in GABA transmission
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื›ืช GABA
04:12
that makes them especially sensitive to the sedative effects of alcohol,
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืจื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
04:16
which decreases their risk of developing disordered drinking.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคืชื— ื”ืคืจืขืช ืฉืชื™ื™ื”.
04:20
Meanwhile, the brain adapts to chronic alcohol consumption by reducing GABA,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืกืชื’ืœ ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ GABA,
04:25
dopamine, and endorphin transmission, and enhancing glutamate activity.
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ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜.
04:30
This means regular drinkers tend to be anxious, have trouble sleeping,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉืชื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”,
04:34
and experience less pleasure.
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ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืื”.
04:37
These structural and functional changes can lead to disordered use
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™,
04:41
when drinking feels normal, but not drinking is uncomfortable,
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ื›ืฉืฉืชื™ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืจ ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
04:45
establishing a vicious cycle.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืงืกืžื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™.
04:47
So both genetics and previous experience impact how a person experiences alcoholโ€”
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ืื– ื’ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื“ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ --
04:53
which means that some people are more prone
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:55
to certain patterns of drinking than others,
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ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
04:58
and a history of consumption leads to neural and behavioral changes.
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ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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