How does alcohol make you drunk? - Judy Grisel

8,453,950 views ・ 2020-04-09

TED-Ed


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Translator: Reviewer: Thomas Tam
乙醇:分子係由幾個以上嘅碳原子組成
00:07
Ethanol: this molecule, made of little more than a few carbon atoms,
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00:12
is responsible for drunkenness.
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係造成醉酒嘅原因
00:15
Often simply referred to as alcohol,
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簡單嚟講就係酒精
00:17
ethanol is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
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乙醇係酒精飲品中活性嘅成分
佢輕巧嘅分子偷偷穿過細胞薄膜
00:21
Its simplicity helps it sneak across membranes
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00:23
and nestle into a many different nooks,
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並停留喺好多唔同角落
00:26
producing a wide range of effects compared to other, clunkier molecules.
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同其他笨重嘅分子相比 佢能夠產生更廣泛嘅影響
00:31
So how exactly does it cause drunkenness,
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到底酒精係點樣導致醉酒
00:33
and why does it have dramatically different effects on different people?
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為乜嘢佢對唔同人有非一樣嘅影響呢?
00:38
To answer these questions,
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要解開呢個啞謎
00:40
we’ll need to follow alcohol on its journey through the body.
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我哋需要跟酒精喺身體走一轉
00:43
Alcohol lands in the stomach and is absorbed into the blood
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酒精通過消化系統,落到胃
00:47
through the digestive tract, especially the small intestine.
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尤其係小腸使到血液吸收
00:51
The contents of the stomach impact alcohol’s ability
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食物喺胃度影響酒精進入血液
00:53
to get into the blood because after eating, the pyloric sphincter,
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因為進食後幽門括約肌關閉
將胃同小腸分隔
00:57
which separates the stomach from the small intestine, closes.
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01:01
So the level of alcohol that reaches the blood after a big meal
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所以飲同樣嘅酒,血液嘅酒精水平
01:04
might only be a quarter that from the same drink on an empty stomach.
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喺食飽後只有空肚嘅四分一
01:09
From the blood, alcohol goes to the organs,
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酒精靠血液流動進入器官
01:11
especially those that get the most blood flow:
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尤其係要最多血液嘅器官:
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the liver and the brain.
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肝臟同大腦
01:16
It hits the liver first, and enzymes in the liver
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佢首先侵襲肝臟
01:19
break down the alcohol molecule in two steps.
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肝度啲酶,分兩個步驟分解酒精分子
01:22
First, an enzyme called ADH turns alcohol into acetaldehyde, which is toxic.
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首先係種叫做乙醇脱氫酶(ADH) 將酒精轉化為有毒嘅乙醛
01:29
Then, an enzyme called ALDH converts the toxic acetaldehyde to non-toxic acetate.
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然後一種叫乙醇脱氫酶(ALDH) 將有毒嘅乙醛轉化為無毒嘅醋酸鹽
01:36
As the blood circulates, the liver eliminates alcohol continuously—
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隨著血液循環,肝臟不斷排除酒精——
01:40
but this first pass of elimination determines how much alcohol
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但喺第一次排除,就決定咗有幾多酒精
01:44
reaches the brain and other organs.
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去到大腦同其他器官
01:47
Brain sensitivity is responsible for the emotional, cognitive,
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酒精影響大腦對情緒、認知
01:51
and behavioral effects of alcohol— otherwise known as drunkenness.
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行為嘅敏感性——亦叫做醉酒
01:56
Alcohol turns up the brain’s primary brake, the neurotransmitter GABA,
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酒精打開咗神經遞質 γ-氨基丁酸 大腦嘅主要煞掣
02:01
and turns down its primary gas, the neurotransmitter glutamate.
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並拒絕佢嘅主要氣體 即神經遞質谷氨酸
大大降低咗神經元嘅溝通能力
02:06
This makes neurons much less communicative,
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02:08
and users feel relaxed at moderate doses, fall asleep at higher doses,
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而人飲適量嘅酒,會感到放鬆 但較多嘅酒就會入睡
02:13
and can impede the brain activity necessary for survival at toxic doses.
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同時防礙咗大腦作為生存 要應對毒素劑量嘅活動
02:19
Alcohol also stimulates a small group of neurons
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酒精也會刺激小部分神經元
02:22
that extends from the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens,
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從中腦延伸到伏隔核——
02:25
a region important for motivation.
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係個對意志好重要嘅區域
跟所有成癮嘅毒品噉
02:28
Like all addictive drugs,
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02:29
it prompts a squirt of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
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佢會促使伏隔核噴出多巴胺
02:32
which gives users a surge of pleasure.
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畀飲家帶來咗一股愉快嘅感覺
酒精仲會導致有啲神經元 合成同釋放內啡肽
02:36
Alcohol also causes some neurons to synthesize and release endorphins.
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02:40
Endorphins help us to calm down in response to stress or danger.
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內啡肽使我哋冷靜落嚟 應對壓力或者危險
02:44
Elevated levels of endorphins contribute to the euphoria
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飲酒會提升內啡肽水平
02:47
and relaxation associated with alcohol consumption.
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幫助放鬆自己得到欣快感
02:51
Finally,
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02:51
as the liver’s breakdown of alcohol outpaces the brain’s absorption,
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最後
由於肝臟分解酒精超過咗大腦吸收速度
02:55
drunkenness fades away.
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醉意慢慢消失
人飲酒後嘅情況會因人而異
02:58
Individual differences at any point in this journey
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03:00
can cause people to act more or less drunk.
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會有不同程度嘅醉酒
03:03
For example, a man and a woman who weigh the same and drink the same amount
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比如,一男一女 體重、飲酒量相同
03:07
during an identical meal will still have different blood alcohol concentrations,
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進餐份量一樣 仍然喺血液度
會有唔同嘅酒精濃度(BACs)
03:12
or BACs.
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03:14
This is because women tend to have less blood—
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女性因為往往有較少嘅血液——
03:17
women generally have a higher percentage of fat,
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而身體脂肪通常比例較高
03:20
which requires less blood than muscle.
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脂肪比肌肉需要少啲血液
03:22
A smaller blood volume, carrying the same amount of alcohol,
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若較小血量,負載相等嘅酒精
03:25
means the concentration will be higher for women.
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意味著女性血液度酒精濃度較高
03:29
Genetic differences in the liver’s alcohol processing enzymes also influence BAC.
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有基因差異嘅肝臟酒精加工酶 也會影響酒精濃度
03:34
And regular drinking can increase production of these enzymes,
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經常飲酒會增加呢啲加工酶
03:37
contributing to tolerance.
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提升身體對酒精嘅承受能力
03:40
On the other hand, those who drink excessively for a long time
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另一方面,長期飲過量酒嘅人
03:43
may develop liver damage, which has the opposite effect.
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可能會損害個肝 因而產生相反嘅效果
03:48
Meanwhile, genetic differences in dopamine, GABA,
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由於遺傳嘅差異,可能增加多巴胺
03:52
and endorphin transmission may contribute to risk
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γ-氨基丁酸同內啡肽嘅傳送
03:54
for developing an alcohol use disorder.
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導致酗酒嘅風險
03:57
Those with naturally low endorphin or dopamine levels may self-medicate
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天生安多酚或多巴胺水平低嘅人通過飲酒
04:01
through drinking.
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可作自我治療
04:02
Some people have a higher risk for excessive drinking
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有啲人好易飲過龍
04:05
due to a sensitive endorphin response that increases the pleasurable effects
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由於內啡肽敏感嘅反應
增加咗酒精帶來愉快嘅感覺
04:08
of alcohol.
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有啲人 γ-氨基丁酸嘅傳輸有差異
04:10
Others have a variation in GABA transmission
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04:12
that makes them especially sensitive to the sedative effects of alcohol,
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使佢哋對酒精嘅鎮靜作用特別敏感
04:16
which decreases their risk of developing disordered drinking.
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降低咗佢哋發展成酗酒嘅風險
04:20
Meanwhile, the brain adapts to chronic alcohol consumption by reducing GABA,
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大腦適應長期飲酒嘅做法 係透過減少傳送 γ-氨基丁酸
04:25
dopamine, and endorphin transmission, and enhancing glutamate activity.
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多巴胺同內啡肽 並增強谷氨酸嘅活性
04:30
This means regular drinkers tend to be anxious, have trouble sleeping,
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意味著經常飲酒嘅人 往往會焦慮同瞓唔著
04:34
and experience less pleasure.
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同時體驗到更少快樂
04:37
These structural and functional changes can lead to disordered use
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呢啲結構同功能變化 會導致冇節制噉飲酒
04:41
when drinking feels normal, but not drinking is uncomfortable,
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當人飲酒就感覺到正常 唔飲就唔舒服嗰時
04:45
establishing a vicious cycle.
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會形成惡性循環
04:47
So both genetics and previous experience impact how a person experiences alcohol—
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就住遺傳同過往嘅經歷 都會影響人點樣體驗酒精——
04:53
which means that some people are more prone
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呢個意味著有啲人更容易
04:55
to certain patterns of drinking than others,
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比其他人鍾意某啲飲酒方式
04:58
and a history of consumption leads to neural and behavioral changes.
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同時消費歷史會導致神經同行為變化
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