What yoga does to your body and brain - Krishna Sudhir

3,564,717 views ใƒป 2020-06-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Amit Naveh ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Hemu
00:06
At some point between the 1st and 5th century CE,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-1 ืœืžืื” ื”-5 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”
00:11
the Hindu sage Pataรฑjali began to codify the ancient, meditative traditions
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ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™, ืคื˜ื ื’'ืœื™, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืื’ื“ ืืช ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
00:18
practiced throughout India.
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ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
00:20
He recorded techniques nearly as old as Indian civilization itself
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ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืขื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”
00:25
in 196 manuals called the Yoga Sutras.
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ื‘-196 ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• 'ื”ื™ื•ื’ื” ืกื•ื˜ืจื•ืช'.
00:30
These texts defined yoga as the โ€˜yokingโ€™ or restraining of the mind
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ื”ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื™ื•ื’ื” ื›'ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ' ืื• ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”
00:35
from focusing on external objects
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ืžื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
00:39
in efforts to reach a state of pure consciousness.
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ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”.
00:43
Over time, yoga came to incorporate physical elements
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื™ื•ื’ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื
00:47
from gymnastics and wrestling.
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ืžื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืื‘ืงื•ืช.
00:50
Today, there are a multitude of approaches to modern yogaโ€”
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื’ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช --
00:54
though most still maintain the three core elements of Pataรฑjaliโ€™s practice:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื ื’'ืœื™:
01:00
physical postures, breathing exercises, and spiritual contemplation.
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ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.
01:06
This blend of physical and mental exercise
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื
01:10
is widely believed to have a unique set of health advantages.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืกื˜ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื.
01:15
Such as improving strength and flexibility,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช,
01:18
boosting heart and lung function, and enhancing psychological well-being.
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:24
But what have contemporary studies shown regarding the benefits
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืžืจืื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื–ื•?
01:28
of this ancient tradition?
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01:31
Despite attempts by many researchers,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:33
it's tough to make specific claims about yoga's advantages.
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ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื’ื”.
01:38
Its unique combination of activities makes it difficult to determine
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
01:42
which component is producing a specific health benefit.
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ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
01:46
Additionally, yoga studies are often made up of small sample sizes
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ื’ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื“ื’ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
01:51
that lack diversity,
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ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
01:52
and the heavy reliance on self-reporting makes results subjective.
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ื•ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืฆืžื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
01:58
However, there are some health benefits
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื
02:00
that have more robust scientific support than others.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
02:05
Letโ€™s start with flexibility and strength.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ืง.
02:08
Twisting your body into yogaโ€™s physical postures
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ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื’ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื— ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
02:11
stretches multiple muscle groups.
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02:14
In the short term, stretching can change the water content of these muscles,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ, ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
02:19
ligaments, and tendons to make them more elastic.
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ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:23
Over time, regular stretching stimulates stem cells
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืžื’ืจื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข
02:28
which then differentiate into new muscle tissue
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ืฉืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืจืงืžืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื”
02:31
and other cells that generate elastic collagen.
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ื•ืœืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
02:34
Frequent stretching also reduces the bodyโ€™s natural reflex
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืชื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืคืœืงืก ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
02:38
to constrict muscles,
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02:40
improving your pain tolerance for feats of flexibility.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช.
02:45
Researchers havenโ€™t found that any one form of yoga
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืื• ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื’ื” ื”ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ,
02:48
improves flexibility more than another,
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02:51
so the impact of specific postures is unclear.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
02:56
But like other low-impact exercises,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:59
yoga reliably improves fitness and flexibility in healthy populations.
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ื™ื•ื’ื” ืžืฉืคืจืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:05
The practice has also been shown to be a potentially powerful therapeutic tool.
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ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื—ื–ืง.
03:11
In studies involving patients with a variety of musculo-skeletal disorders,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื“,
03:16
yoga was more helpful at reducing pain and improving mobility
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ื™ื•ื’ื” ืชืจืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืงืœืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช
03:21
than other forms of low-impact exercise.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
03:24
Adding yoga to an existing exercise routine can improve strength
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ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื™ื•ื’ื” ืœืฉื’ืจืช ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช
03:29
and flexibility for hard to treat conditions like chronic lower back pain,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ืื‘ ื’ื‘ ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื ื™,
03:34
rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis.
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ื“ืœืงืช ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืฉื’ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก.
03:38
Yogaโ€™s mix of physical exercise and regimented breathing
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ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื”
03:42
has proven similarly therapeutic for lung health.
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ื”ื•ื›ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:46
Lung diseases like chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจื™ืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื•ื ื›ื™ื˜ื™ืก ื›ืจื•ื ื™, ืืžืคื™ื–ืžื” ื•ืืกื˜ืžื”
03:51
shrink the passageways that carry oxygen,
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ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
03:54
while weakening the membrane that brings oxygen into the blood.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื“ื.
03:58
But breathing exercises like those found in yoga
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื”
04:02
relax the muscles constricting those passageways
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ืžืจื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•
04:05
and improve oxygen diffusion.
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ื•ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ืคืขืคื•ืข ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
04:07
Increasing the bloodโ€™s oxygen content is especially helpful
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื“ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
04:11
for those with weak heart muscles
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ืœื‘ ื—ืœืฉื™ื
04:14
who have difficulty pumping enough oxygen throughout the body.
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ื”ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื–ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:18
And for those with healthy hearts,
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ื•ืœืืœื• ืขื ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื,
04:20
this practice can lower blood pressure and reduce risk factors
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ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื.
04:24
for cardiovascular disease.
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04:26
Yogaโ€™s most widely celebrated benefit may be the most difficult to prove:
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—:
04:32
its psychological effects.
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
04:35
Despite the longstanding association between yoga and psychological wellbeing,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื” ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
04:40
thereโ€™s little conclusive evidence on how the practice affects mental health.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.
04:45
One of the biggest claims
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื’ื” ืžืฉืคืจืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”.
04:47
is that yoga improves symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders.
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04:52
Since diagnosis of these conditions varies widely
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื•ื“,
04:55
as do their origin and severity, itโ€™s difficult to quantify yogaโ€™s impact.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืงืฉื” ืœื›ืžืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื.
05:02
However, there is evidence to suggest
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš
05:04
that yoga can help reduce the symptoms of stress,
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ืฉื™ื•ื’ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ,
05:08
as well as meditation or relaxation.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืื• ืจื’ื™ืขื”.
05:12
Research on the effects of yoga is still evolving.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—.
05:16
In the future, weโ€™ll need larger studies, incorporating diverse participants,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื,
05:20
which can measure yogaโ€™s impact on heart attacks, cancer rates,
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
05:24
cognitive function and more.
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ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.
05:27
But for now, yoga can continue its ancient tradition
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืจื’ืข, ื™ื•ื’ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”
05:31
as a way to exercise, reflect, and relax.
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ, ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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