How can we solve the antibiotic resistance crisis? - Gerry Wright

1,162,031 views ใƒป 2020-03-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Antibiotics: behind the scenes, they enable much of modern medicine.
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ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”: ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
00:11
We use them to cure infectious diseases,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช,
00:14
but also to safely facilitate everything from surgery to chemotherapy
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื, ืœื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”,
00:19
to organ transplants.
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:21
Without antibiotics,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”,
00:23
even routine medical procedures can lead to life-threatening infections.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื›ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:27
And weโ€™re at risk of losing them.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืœืื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื.
00:30
Antibiotics are chemicals that prevent the growth of bacteria.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
00:34
Unfortunately, some bacteria have become resistant
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช
00:38
to all currently available antibiotics.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช.
00:42
At the same time, weโ€™ve stopped discovering new ones.
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
00:46
Still, thereโ€™s hope that we can get ahead of the problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
00:49
But first, how did we get into this situation?
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”?
00:53
The first widely used antibiotic was penicillin,
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืคื ื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ,
00:56
discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘-1928 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคืœืžื™ื ื’.
01:00
In his 1945 Nobel Prize acceptance speech,
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ื‘ื ืื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื• ื‘-1945,
01:03
Fleming warned that bacterial resistance had the potential to ruin
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ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก
01:08
the miracle of antibiotics.
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ืืช ื”ื ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:10
He was right: in the 1940s and 50s,
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง: ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื•ื”-50,
01:13
resistant bacteria already began to appear.
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข.
01:17
From then until the 1980s,
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ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
01:20
pharmaceutical companies countered the problem of resistance
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช
01:23
by discovering many new antibiotics.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:26
At first this was a highly successfulโ€” and highly profitableโ€” enterprise.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืขืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื— -- ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืจื•ื•ื•ื—ื™.
01:32
Over time, a couple things changed.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
01:35
Newly discovered antibiotics were often only effective
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ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจืง
01:38
for a narrow spectrum of infections,
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ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื,
01:41
whereas the first ones had been broadly applicable.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื.
01:44
This isnโ€™t a problem in itself,
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”,
01:46
but it does mean that fewer doses of these drugs could be soldโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• --
01:51
making them less profitable.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:53
In the early days, antibiotics were heavily overprescribed,
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ ื ืจื—ื‘,
01:57
including for viral infections they had no effect on.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื•.
02:01
Scrutiny around prescriptions increased, which is good, but also lowered sales.
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ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจืฉืžื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:06
At the same time, companies began to develop more drugs
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืชื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
02:10
that are taken over a patientโ€™s lifetime,
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
02:12
like blood pressure and cholesterol medications,
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ื›ืžื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื•ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ,
02:15
and later anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medications.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื“ื”.
02:20
Because they are taken indefinitely, these drugs more profitable.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืœื” ื ืœืงื—ื• ืœืชืžื™ื“, ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:24
By the mid-1980s, no new chemical classes of antibiotics were discovered.
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ืœื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
02:30
But bacteria continued to acquire resistance and pass it along
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืคืชื— ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”
02:35
by sharing genetic information between individual bacteria
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
02:39
and even across species.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:41
Now bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics are common,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
02:46
and increasingly some strains are resistant to all our current drugs.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื” ื–ื ื™ื ืืฃ ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
02:51
So, what can we do about this?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
02:54
We need to control the use of existing antibiotics, create new ones,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
02:58
combat resistance to new and existing drugs,
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ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:02
and find new ways to fight bacterial infections.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื.
03:06
The largest consumer of antibiotics is agriculture,
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ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฃ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
03:10
which uses antibiotics not only to treat infections
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื,
03:13
but to promote the growth of food animals.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ืจื– ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืื›ืœ.
03:16
Using large volumes of antibiotics
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
03:18
increases the bacteriaโ€™s exposure to the antibiotics
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
03:22
and therefore their opportunity to develop resistance.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
03:26
Many bacteria that are common in animals, like salmonella, can also infect humans,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืกืœืžื•ื ืœื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:32
and drug-resistant versions can pass to us through the food chain
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ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
03:36
and spread through international trade and travel networks.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื“ืจืš ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
03:41
In terms of finding new antibiotics,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:44
nature offers the most promising new compounds.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
03:47
Organisms like other microbes and fungi have evolved over millions of years
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
03:52
to live in competitive environmentsโ€”
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช --
03:54
meaning they often contain antibiotic compounds
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
03:58
to give them a survival advantage over certain bacteria.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:02
We can also package antibiotics with molecules that inhibit resistance.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืืจื•ื– ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
04:07
One way bacteria develop resistance is through proteins of their own
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืžืคืชื— ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•
04:12
that degrade the drug.
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ืฉืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”.
04:13
By packaging the antibiotic with molecules that block the degraders,
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ืื ื ืืจื•ื– ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืกืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื,
04:18
the antibiotic can do its job.
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”.
04:21
Phages, viruses that attack bacteria but donโ€™t affect humans,
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ืคืื’ื™ื --ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื --
04:25
are one promising new avenue to combat bacterial infections.
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ื”ื ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื.
04:29
Developing vaccines for common infections, meanwhile,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื
04:33
can help prevent disease in the first place.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
04:36
The biggest challenge to all these approaches is funding,
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ,
04:40
which is woefully inadequate across the globe.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ืœื ืžืกืคืง ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:43
Antibiotics are so unprofitable that many large pharmaceutical companies
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ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช
04:48
have stopped trying to develop them.
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ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืชืŸ.
04:50
Meanwhile, smaller companies that successfully bring new antibiotics
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง
04:54
to market often still go bankrupt, like the American start up Achaogen.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืื›ืื•ื’ืŸ.
05:00
New therapeutic techniques like phages and vaccines
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ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคืื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
05:04
face the same fundamental problem as traditional antibiotics:
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช:
05:08
if theyโ€™re working well, theyโ€™re used just once,
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ืื ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช,
05:11
which makes it difficult to make money.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ.
05:13
And to successfully counteract resistance in the long term,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
05:17
weโ€™ll need to use new antibiotics sparinglyโ€”
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื --
05:20
lowering the profits for their creators even further.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:24
One possible solution is to shift profits away from the volume of antibiotics sold.
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ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื ืžื›ืจืช.
05:30
For example, the United Kingdom is testing a model
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ
05:33
where healthcare providers purchase antibiotic subscriptions.
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ื‘ื• ืกืคืงื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืžืจืฉืžื™ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
05:38
While governments are looking for ways to incentivize antibiotic development,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช,
05:42
these programs are still in the early stages.
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.
05:45
Countries around the world will need to do much moreโ€”
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:48
but with enough investment in antibiotic development
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
05:51
and controlled use of our current drugs,
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
05:54
we can still get ahead of resistance.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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