The Arctic vs. the Antarctic - Camille Seaman

4,635,945 views ใƒป 2013-08-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
On our planet,
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:07
we have two polar regions:
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื:
00:09
the Arctic, whose name comes from
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ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™, ืฉืฉืžื• ื‘ื
00:11
the Greek Arktikos, of the North,
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ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช: ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืก, ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ,
00:13
and the Antarctic
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ื•ื”ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™
00:14
from Antarktikos,
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ืžืื ื˜ืจืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืก,
00:16
opposite of the North.
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ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ.
00:17
But there's an easier way to remember them
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื
00:19
if you just remember what surrounds them.
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ืื ืจืง ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืžื” ืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื.
00:22
The Arctic, situated in the Northern hemisphere of our planet,
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ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™, ืฉืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:25
is an ocean entirely surrounded by land.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
00:29
On the other side of the world,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:30
the Antarctic is a continent
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ื”ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืช
00:32
entirely surrounded by ocean.
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ืฉืžื•ืงืคืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
00:34
So, the Arctic has polar bears but no penguins,
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ืื–, ืœืืจืงื˜ื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื,
00:37
and the Antarctic has penguins but no polar bears.
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ื•ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:41
Let's talk about the Arctic first.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ืงื•ื“ื.
00:43
The Arctic region consists of a vast, ice-covered ocean
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืจื—ื‘ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืงืจื—
00:47
surrounded by treeless permafrost.
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ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื›ืคื•ืจ ืขื“ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืฆื™ื.
00:49
The area can be defined
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ
00:51
as the region between the Arctic Circle
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ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™
00:53
and the North Pole.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
00:54
If you were to stand at the North Pole,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
00:56
everywhere you looked, in all directions,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชื‘ื™ื˜ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
00:58
would be south.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ื.
00:59
But standing at the North Pole
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืœืขืžื•ื“
01:01
is difficult to do for very long
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš
01:03
because it's in the middle of an ocean,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:05
covered by constantly shifting, frozen sea ice.
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ื•ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืงืจื— ื™ื ืฉื–ื– ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง.
01:08
If you were to fall into the water at the North Pole,
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ืื ืชื™ืคืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
01:11
you'd fall into water that's 13,980 feet deep.
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ืชื™ืคืœื• ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
01:15
Above the water, average winter temperatures
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ืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ื, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช
01:18
can be as low as -40 degrees Celsius,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจื“ืช ืขื“ 40- ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
01:21
and the coldest recorded temperature
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ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ืขื“ื”
01:23
is approximately -68 degrees Celsius.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 68- ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
01:27
Despite these incredibly harsh conditions,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื™ื,
01:29
humans have populated areas in the Arctic
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื™ื›ืœืกื• ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื
01:31
for thousands of years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:33
Life in the Arctic includes organisms living in the ice,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื—,
01:37
zooplankton and phytoplankton,
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ื–ื•ืื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:39
fish and marine mammals,
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
01:41
birds,
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01:41
land animals,
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
01:42
plants,
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01:42
and human societies.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
01:45
Okay, what about Antarctica?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืžื” ืขื ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”?
01:47
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent,
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ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื›ื™ ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:50
and it contains the geographic South Pole.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™.
01:52
It's the fifth largest continent on the planet
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”
01:55
at nearly twice the size of Australia.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
01:57
Almost 98% of Anarctica is covered by ice
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 98% ืžืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืงืจื—
02:01
at least one mile in thickness.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™.
02:03
Conditions in Antarctica are some of the most extreme
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ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื ืžื”ื›ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
02:06
in the entire world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:08
On average, it's the coldest,
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื”,
02:10
windiest,
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02:10
driest continent
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ืขื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื•ืช,
ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื”
02:12
and has the highest average elevation
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
02:14
of all the continents.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
02:15
You might think that it snows all the time at the Poles,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืฉืœื’ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื,
02:18
but Antarctica is so dry,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
02:20
it's considered a desert
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ
02:21
with annual precipitation
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ืขื ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
02:23
of only 200 millimeters along the coast
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ืฉืœ ืจืง 200 ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื
02:26
and far less inland.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
02:27
The temperature in Antarctica
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”
02:29
has reached -89 degrees Celsius.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ 89- ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
02:32
Because it's so harsh and hard to get to,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”,
02:34
there are no permanent human residents on Antarctica,
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ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”,
02:37
but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 1,000 ืœ 5,000 ืื ืฉื™ื
02:40
reside throughout the year
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ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื”
02:41
at the research stations scattered across the continent.
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ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืคื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
02:44
Even the most extreme animals fight for survival,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
02:48
and only cold-adapted organisms survive there,
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ื•ืจืง ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืงื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฉื,
02:51
including many types of algae,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฆื•ืช,
02:53
animals,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:54
bacteria,
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
02:55
fungi,
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
02:56
plants,
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
02:57
and protista.
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ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื™ื–ื™ื”.
02:59
But why is Antarctica colder than its northern cousin?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช?
03:02
Well, first, much of the continent
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช
03:04
is more than three kilometers above sea level,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
03:07
and temperature decreases with elevation.
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ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”.
03:09
That's why mountaintops have snow on them.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื’.
03:12
Second, remember that the Arctic
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ืืจืงื˜ื™
03:13
is really a frozen ocean.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืงืคื•ื.
03:16
The water in the ocean beneath it
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ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”
03:17
is warmer than the frozen ground in the Antarctic,
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ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืงืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”,
03:20
and that warmth is transferred through the ice pack.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื—.
03:23
This prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืžื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื
03:26
from reaching the extremes
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ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื
03:27
typical of the land surface of Antarctica.
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ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
03:30
Third, the seasons are conspiring against the Antarctic.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื•ืžืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
03:34
During the aphelion in July,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืคืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™,
03:36
when the Earth is the farthest away from the Sun,
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ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:38
it also happens to be winter in the Antarctic,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”,
03:41
which creates a double-whammy of cold
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืคืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจ
03:43
for the southern pole.
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ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
03:44
But despite being inhospitable,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื,
03:46
the North and South Pole are a big reason
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ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
03:49
why our planet is the way it is.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื.
03:51
Both of our polar regions
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:52
are very important climate controllers.
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ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
03:55
They help moderate the temperature
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ื”ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช
03:56
in our temperate zones
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ื–ื’ ืฉืœื ื•
03:58
and give us stable weather.
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
04:00
As sea ice in the Arctic declines
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ื›ืฉืงืจื— ื™ื ื‘ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื ืกื•ื’
04:02
due to climate change and global warming,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
04:04
weather around the globe
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ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ
04:05
becomes increasing more unstable.
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ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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