A brief history of cannibalism - Bill Schutt

4,928,023 views ใƒป 2019-07-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
15th century Europeans believed they had hit upon a miracle cure:
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ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื” 15 ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืชืจื•ืคืช ืคืœื:
00:10
a remedy for epilepsy, hemorrhage, bruising, nausea,
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ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื”, ื“ื™ืžื•ืžื™ื, ืžื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”
00:14
and virtually any other medical ailment.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืื—ืจืช.
00:17
This brown powder could be mixed into drinks, made into salves
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ืืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืงืื•ืช, ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฉื—ื•ืช
00:21
or eaten straight up.
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืื›ืœ.
00:23
It was known as mumia and made by grinding up mummified human flesh.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžืฉื•ืžืจ.
00:29
The word "cannibal" dates from the time of Christopher Columbus;
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” "'ืงื ื™ื‘ืœ" ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก;
00:32
in fact, Columbus may even have coined it himself.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
00:36
After coming ashore on the island of Guadaloupe,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ืื“ืœื•ืคื”,
00:39
Columbus' initial reports back to the Queen of Spain
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ืœืžืœื›ืช ืกืคืจื“
00:42
described the indigenous people as friendly and peacefulโ€”
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ืชืืจื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื --
00:45
though he did mention rumors of a group called the Caribs,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื,
00:49
who made violent raids and then cooked and ate their prisoners.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืื– ื‘ื™ืฉืœื” ื•ืื›ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
00:54
In response, Queen Isabella granted permission to capture and enslave
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ืื™ืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœืฉืขื‘ื“
00:58
anyone who ate human flesh.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื.
01:00
When the island failed to produce the gold Columbus was looking for,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื™ ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื—ื™ืคืฉ,
01:04
he began to label anyone who resisted his plundering and kidnapping as a Caribe.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืชื™ื™ื’ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืงืจื™ื‘ื™.
01:10
Somewhere along the way, the word "Carib" became "Canibe" and then "Cannibal."
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืงืจื™ื‘" ื”ืคื›ื” ืœ"ืงื ื™ื‘ื”" ื•ืื– "ืงื ื™ื‘ืœ".
01:17
First used by colonizers to dehumanize indigenous people,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
01:20
it has since been applied to anyone who eats human flesh.
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ื•ืžืื– ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:25
So the term comes from an account that wasn't based on hard evidence,
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ืื– ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช,
01:29
but cannibalism does have a real and much more complex history.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
01:33
It has taken diverse formsโ€” sometimes, as with mumia,
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ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช -- ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืžื•ืžื™ื”,
01:37
it doesn't involved recognizable parts of the human body.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ืœืœื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:40
The reasons for cannibalistic practices have varied, too.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื.
01:44
Across cultures and time periods, there's evidence of survival cannibalism,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช,
01:49
when people living through a famine, siege or ill-fated expedition
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืจืขื‘, ืžืฆื•ืจ ืื• ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื
01:53
had to either eat the bodies of the dead or starve to death themselves.
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืื• ืœืจืขื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
01:57
But it's also been quite common for cultures
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
02:00
to normalize some form of eating human flesh under ordinary circumstances.
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ืœื ืจืžืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช.
02:05
Because of false accounts like Columbus's,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก,
02:07
it's difficult to say exactly how common cultural cannibalism has beenโ€”
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ --
02:12
but there are still some examples of accepted cannibalistic practices
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื
02:16
from within the cultures practicing them.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
02:19
Take the medicinal cannibalism in Europe during Columbus's time.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก.
02:22
Starting in the 15th century, the demand for mumia increased.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 15, ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžื•ืžื™ื” ื’ื‘ืจื”.
02:26
At first, stolen mummies from Egypt supplied the mumia craze,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื• ืืช ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื”,
02:31
but soon the demand was too great to be sustained on Egyptian mummies alone,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:35
and opportunists stole bodies from European cemeteries to turn into mumia.
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ื•ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:41
Use of mumia continued for hundreds of years.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
02:44
It was listed in the Merck index, a popular medical encyclopedia,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ืžืจืง, ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช,
02:48
into the 20th century.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื” ื” 20.
02:50
And ground up mummies were far from the only remedy made from human flesh
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ื•ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื˜ื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื
02:55
that was common throughout Europe.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
02:57
Blood, in either liquid or powdered form, was used to treat epilepsy,
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ื“ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ื•ื–ืœ ืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื‘ืงื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื”.
03:02
while human liver, gall stones, oil distilled from human brains,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ื‘ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืื‘ื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื”, ืฉืžืŸ ืฉื–ื•ืงืง ืžืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
03:06
and pulverized hearts were popular medical concoctions.
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ื•ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื.
03:10
In China,
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
03:11
the written record of socially accepted cannibalism goes back almost 2,000 years.
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ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจ 2000 ืฉื ื” ืื—ื•ืจื”.
03:16
One particularly common form of cannibalism
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ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื
03:19
appears to have been filial cannibalism,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
03:22
where adult sons and daughters would offer a piece of their own flesh
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ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืคื™ืกื” ืžื‘ืฉืจื
03:26
to their parents.
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
03:27
This was typically offered as a last-ditch attempt to cure a sick parent,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืืฉ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืจืคื ื”ื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืœื”,
03:32
and wasn't fatal to their offspringโ€”
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืœืฆืืฆื --
03:34
it usually involved flesh from the thigh or, less often, a finger.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืกื” ืžื”ื™ืจืš, ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฅ, ืžื”ืืฆื‘ืข.
03:39
Cannibalistic funerary rites are another form of culturally sanctioned cannibalism.
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ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
03:44
Perhaps the best-known example came from the Fore people of New Guinea.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
03:48
Through the mid-20th century, members of the community would,
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ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื•,
03:52
if possible, make their funerary preferences known in advance,
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืจืืฉ,
03:56
sometimes requesting that family members gather to consume the body after death.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืชืืกืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื.
04:02
Tragically, though these rituals honored the deceased,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืชื ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžืชื™ื,
04:05
they also spread a deadly disease known as kuru through the community.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
04:10
Between the fictionalized stories, verifiable practices,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืžืชื™ื
04:14
and big gaps that still exist in our knowledge,
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ื•ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•,
04:17
there's no one history of cannibalism.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื.
04:20
But we do know that people have been eating each other,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื›ืœื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
04:23
volunteering themselves to be eaten,
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ื ื™ื“ื‘ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืื›ื™ืœื”,
04:25
and accusing others of eating people for millennia.
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ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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