A brief history of cannibalism - Bill Schutt

4,991,327 views ・ 2019-07-25

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: KyoungHwan Oh κ²€ν† : Jungmin Hwang
00:06
15th century Europeans believed they had hit upon a miracle cure:
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15μ„ΈκΈ° μœ λŸ½μΈλ“€μ€ 기적의 약을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:10
a remedy for epilepsy, hemorrhage, bruising, nausea,
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κ°„μ§ˆ, 좜혈, 타박상, κ΅¬μ—­μ§ˆ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
00:14
and virtually any other medical ailment.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–΄λ–€ μ§ˆλ³‘λ„ κ³ μΉ  수 μžˆλŠ” μ•½μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
This brown powder could be mixed into drinks, made into salves
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이 κ°ˆμƒ‰ 가루λ₯Ό μŒλ£Œμ— 타먹기도 ν•˜κ³ , κ³ μ•½μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ©°
00:21
or eaten straight up.
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ν˜Ήμ€ κ·Έλƒ₯ 먹기도 ν–ˆμ£ .
00:23
It was known as mumia and made by grinding up mummified human flesh.
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이것은 미라λ₯Ό κ°ˆμ•„μ„œ λ§Œλ“  무미야라고 μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
The word "cannibal" dates from the time of Christopher Columbus;
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"식인쒅"μ΄λΌλŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€ν† νΌ μ½œλŸΌλ²„μŠ€μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ—λ„ μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
in fact, Columbus may even have coined it himself.
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싀은 μ½œλŸΌλ²„μŠ€ μžμ‹ μ΄ λ§Œλ“  단어일지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
After coming ashore on the island of Guadaloupe,
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κ³Όλ“€λ₯΄ν‘Έμ„¬μ—μ„œ λŒμ•„μ˜¨ ν›„,
00:39
Columbus' initial reports back to the Queen of Spain
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μ½œλ‘¬λ²„μŠ€λŠ” 슀페인 μ—¬μ™•μ—κ²Œ 보낸 λ³΄κ³ μ„œμ—μ„œ
00:42
described the indigenous people as friendly and peacefulβ€”
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원주민듀이 호의적이며 평화둭닀고 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆμœΌλ©°
00:45
though he did mention rumors of a group called the Caribs,
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μΉ΄λ¦¬λΈŒμ‘±μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ†Œλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
00:49
who made violent raids and then cooked and ate their prisoners.
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μž”μΈν•œ 슡격 ν›„ 끌렀온 μ£„μˆ˜λ“€μ„ μš”λ¦¬ν•΄μ„œ λ¨ΉλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” μ†Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
In response, Queen Isabella granted permission to capture and enslave
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이사벨라 여왕은 μΈμœ‘μ„ λ¨ΉλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„
00:58
anyone who ate human flesh.
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μ²΄ν¬ν•˜κ³  λ…Έμ˜ˆλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” κΆŒν•œμ„ λ‚΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
When the island failed to produce the gold Columbus was looking for,
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μ½œλŸΌλ²„μŠ€λŠ” κ·Έκ°€ 찾던 금이 κ·Έ 섬에 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  λ‚œ ν›„,
01:04
he began to label anyone who resisted his plundering and kidnapping as a Caribe.
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μ•½νƒˆμ— μ €ν•­ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μΉ΄λ¦¬λΈŒμ‘±μ΄λΌλŠ” 죄λͺ…μœΌλ‘œ λ‚©μΉ˜ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
Somewhere along the way, the word "Carib" became "Canibe" and then "Cannibal."
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κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ "카리브"κ°€ "μΉ΄λ‹ˆλΈŒ"둜, 그리고 "μΉ΄λ‹ˆλ°œ(식인쒅)"이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
First used by colonizers to dehumanize indigenous people,
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μ΄ˆκΈ°μ—λŠ” 식민지 κ°œμ²™μžλ“€μ΄ 원주민듀을 λΉ„ν•˜ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ“°μ˜€μœΌλ©°,
01:20
it has since been applied to anyone who eats human flesh.
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κ·Έ 이후엔 인간을 λ¨ΉλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ„ κ°€λ¦¬ν‚€λŠ” μΉ­ν˜Έκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
So the term comes from an account that wasn't based on hard evidence,
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κ·Έ 단어 μžμ²΄λŠ” ν™•μ‹€ν•œ κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
01:29
but cannibalism does have a real and much more complex history.
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μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ€ μ‹€μ‘΄ν•˜λ©°, 맀우 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 역사λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
It has taken diverse formsβ€” sometimes, as with mumia,
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μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
it doesn't involved recognizable parts of the human body.
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λ¬΄λ―Έμ•Όμ˜ 경우처럼, 윑체의 νŠΉμ • λΆ€λΆ„κ³Ό κΌ­ 관련이 μžˆλŠ” 것도 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
The reasons for cannibalistic practices have varied, too.
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μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ˜ μ΄μœ λ„ λ‹€μ–‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
Across cultures and time periods, there's evidence of survival cannibalism,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 문화와 μ‹œλŒ€μ— 걸쳐, μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 증거가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
when people living through a famine, siege or ill-fated expedition
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κΈ°μ•„μƒνƒœ, ν¬μœ„ ν˜Ήμ€ κΈ΄ 원정을 버텨내기 μœ„ν•΄
01:53
had to either eat the bodies of the dead or starve to death themselves.
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ κ΅Άμ–΄ μ£½μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ €λ©΄ 죽은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ¨Ήμ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
But it's also been quite common for cultures
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λ•Œλ‘œ, μ–΄λ–€ λ¬Έν™”μ—μ„œλŠ” 맀우 ν‰λ²”ν•œ 일이기도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
to normalize some form of eating human flesh under ordinary circumstances.
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일상적인 μƒν™©μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μΈμœ‘μ„ λ¨ΉλŠ” 것이 μ •μƒμ μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
Because of false accounts like Columbus's,
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μ½œλŸΌλ²„μŠ€μ˜ 예처럼 잘λͺ» μ „ν•΄μ§„ κ²½μš°κ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—,
02:07
it's difficult to say exactly how common cultural cannibalism has beenβ€”
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문화적인 μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ ν”ν–ˆμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ λ§ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
but there are still some examples of accepted cannibalistic practices
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” λ¬Έν™”κΆŒ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ
02:16
from within the cultures practicing them.
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ν—ˆμš©λ˜λŠ” 인윑 μ„­μ·¨μ˜ μ˜ˆμ‹œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
Take the medicinal cannibalism in Europe during Columbus's time.
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μ½œλŸΌλ²„μŠ€ μ‹œλŒ€μ— μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œλŠ” μ˜μ•½ μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:22
Starting in the 15th century, the demand for mumia increased.
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15μ„ΈκΈ°λΆ€ν„° λ¬΄λ―Έμ•Όμ˜ μˆ˜μš”κ°€ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
At first, stolen mummies from Egypt supplied the mumia craze,
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μ²˜μŒμ—”, μ΄μ§‘νŠΈμ—μ„œ ν›”μ³μ˜¨ λ―ΈλΌλ“€λ‘œ 무미야 열풍을 κ°λ‹Ήν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:31
but soon the demand was too great to be sustained on Egyptian mummies alone,
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κ·Έ μˆ˜μš”κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ 컀져 μ΄μ§‘νŠΈ λ―ΈλΌλ“€λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 감당이 μ•ˆλ˜μž,
02:35
and opportunists stole bodies from European cemeteries to turn into mumia.
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κΈ°νšŒμ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ€ 유럽 κ³΅λ™λ¬˜μ§€μ˜ μ‹œμ²΄λ“€μ„ λ¬΄λ―Έμ•Όλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ νŒ”μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
Use of mumia continued for hundreds of years.
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λ¬΄λ―Έμ•ΌλŠ” λͺ‡λ°±λ…„에 걸쳐 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
It was listed in the Merck index, a popular medical encyclopedia,
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유λͺ…ν•œ 의료 백과사전인 머크 μΈλ±μŠ€μ—λ„ κ·Έ 이름이 λ“±μž¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
into the 20th century.
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20μ„ΈκΈ°κΉŒμ§€λ„μš”.
02:50
And ground up mummies were far from the only remedy made from human flesh
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미라λ₯Ό κ°ˆμ•„ λ§Œλ“  λ¬΄λ―Έμ•ΌλΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:55
that was common throughout Europe.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 식인 ν’μŠ΅λ„ 유럽 μ „μ—­μ—μ„œ μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
Blood, in either liquid or powdered form, was used to treat epilepsy,
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μΈκ°„μ˜ ν”Ό λ˜ν•œ 앑체 ν˜Ήμ€ 가루 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ κ°„μ§ˆμ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ”λ° μ“°μ˜€μœΌλ©°,
03:02
while human liver, gall stones, oil distilled from human brains,
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μΈκ°„μ˜ κ°„, 담석, λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μΆ”μΆœν•œ 기름,
03:06
and pulverized hearts were popular medical concoctions.
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λΆ„μ‡„ν•œ 심μž₯도 λ‹Ήμ‹œ 인기 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 의료용 μž¬λ£Œλ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
In China,
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μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ”,
03:11
the written record of socially accepted cannibalism goes back almost 2,000 years.
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μ‚¬νšŒμ μœΌλ‘œ 용인된 μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ¬Έμ„œ μžλ£ŒλŠ” 거의 2μ²œλ…„μ „λΆ€ν„° μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
One particularly common form of cannibalism
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그쀑 특히 ν”ν–ˆλ˜ μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλŠ”
03:19
appears to have been filial cannibalism,
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νš¨λ„ μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ—¬μ§€λŠ”λ°,
03:22
where adult sons and daughters would offer a piece of their own flesh
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μ΄λŠ” 성인이 된 μžλ…€λ“€μ΄ 본인의 살을 λ°”μΉ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
to their parents.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λΆ€λͺ¨λ“€μ—κ²Œμš”.
03:27
This was typically offered as a last-ditch attempt to cure a sick parent,
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이것은 μ•„ν”ˆ λΆ€λͺ¨λ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
03:32
and wasn't fatal to their offspringβ€”
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μžμ‹λ“€μ—κ²Œ 치λͺ…적인 ν•΄λ₯Ό μ£ΌλŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
it usually involved flesh from the thigh or, less often, a finger.
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주둜 ν—ˆλ²…μ§€μ˜ 살을 λ–Όμ–΄μ£Όκ±°λ‚˜, 가끔은 손가락을 자λ₯΄λŠ” μ •λ„μ˜€μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
03:39
Cannibalistic funerary rites are another form of culturally sanctioned cannibalism.
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식인 μž₯둀식은 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λ¬Έν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ 용인된 μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Perhaps the best-known example came from the Fore people of New Guinea.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ κ°€μž₯ μ•Œλ €μ§„ μ˜ˆλŠ” λ‰΄κΈ°λ‹ˆμ•„μ˜ ν¬μ–΄μ‘±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
Through the mid-20th century, members of the community would,
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그듀은 20μ„ΈκΈ° μ€‘λ°˜κΉŒμ§€λ„,
03:52
if possible, make their funerary preferences known in advance,
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν•œ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆμ„ λ•Œ 본인의 μž₯λ‘€ 방법을 μ •ν–ˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
03:56
sometimes requesting that family members gather to consume the body after death.
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” 가쑱듀이 μ‹œμ²΄λ₯Ό 먹도둝 μš”μ²­ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
Tragically, though these rituals honored the deceased,
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이 μ˜ˆμ‹μ€ 죽은 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 기리기 μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ λ”μ°ν•˜κ²Œλ„,
04:05
they also spread a deadly disease known as kuru through the community.
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μΏ λ£¨λΌλŠ” 치λͺ…적인 병이 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ νΌμ§€λŠ” 원인이 λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
Between the fictionalized stories, verifiable practices,
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κ·Όκ±° μ—†λŠ” μ†Œλ¬Έκ³Ό μ‹€μ‘΄ν–ˆλ˜ 식인문화λ₯Ό κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜κΈ°λ„ νž˜λ“€κ³ ,
04:14
and big gaps that still exist in our knowledge,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 아직 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 사싀듀이 많기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—,
04:17
there's no one history of cannibalism.
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λ”± 잘라 μ‹μΈν’μŠ΅μ˜ 역사라고 μΉ­ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
But we do know that people have been eating each other,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ–΄μ™”μœΌλ©°,
04:23
volunteering themselves to be eaten,
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슀슀둜 λ¨Ήν˜€μ§€κΈΈ μžμ›ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμœΌλ©°, μΈμœ‘μ„ λ¨ΉλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„
04:25
and accusing others of eating people for millennia.
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μ²œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆ λΉ„νŒν•΄μ™”λ‹€λŠ” 점은 ν™•μ‹€νžˆ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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