Test yourself: Can you tell the difference between music and noise? - Hanako Sawada

580,259 views ใƒป 2023-06-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
In 1960, American composer John Cage went on national television
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ื‘ 1960, ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื’โ€˜ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื’โ€™ ืขืœื” ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
00:12
to share his latest work.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:14
But rather than employing traditional instruments,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื,
00:17
Cage appeared surrounded by household clutter,
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ืงื™ื™ื’โ€ฒ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™,
00:19
including a bathtub, ice cubes, a toy fish, a pressure cooker,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”, ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื—, ื“ื’ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข, ืกื™ืจ ืœื—ืฅ,
00:24
a rubber duck, and several radios.
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ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ืฆืขืฆื•ืข, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื•.
00:27
Armed with these tools and a stopwatch, he performed โ€œWater Walk,โ€
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ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื‘ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืขืฆืจ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช โ€œื”ืœื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื,โ€
00:32
setting off a series of sounds with a serious expression
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช
00:36
and incredible precision.
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ื•ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
00:38
Some viewers found the performance hysterical,
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ื›ืžื” ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™,
00:40
while others thought it was completely absurd.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:43
But most people watching likely shared the same question:
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืคื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉืืœื”:
00:47
is this even music?
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”?
00:50
This question is harder to answer than you might think.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืขื ื” ืžืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:53
What we determine as music often depends on our expectations.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:57
For example, imagine youโ€™re in a jazz club listening
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื’โ€™ืื– ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื
01:00
to the rhythmic honking of horns.
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ืœืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืชืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื.
01:02
Most people would agree that this is music.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
01:05
But if you were on the highway hearing the same thing, many would call it noise.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืจืขืฉ.
01:11
After all, car horns arenโ€™t instruments
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืฆื•ืคืจื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”
01:13
and these drivers arenโ€™t musicians... right?
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื... ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:16
Expectations like these influence how we categorize everything we hear.
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ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื˜ืœื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื.
01:21
We typically think something sounds more musical
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื ืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™
01:24
if it uses a recognizable structure or popular sounds
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื• ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
01:28
arranged in well-known patterns.
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ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข.
01:30
And even within the realm of music,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
01:32
we expect certain genres to use specific instruments and harmonies.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžื–โ€™ืื ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
01:36
These expectations are based on existing musical traditions,
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
01:40
but those traditions aren't set in stone.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœืข.
01:43
They vary across different cultures and time periods.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
01:46
And in the early 20th century,
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
01:48
when many artists were pushing the boundaries of their fields,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžื ื™ื ื“ื—ืคื• ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:51
John Cage wanted to discover what new kinds of music might exist
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ื’โ€˜ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื’โ€™ ืจืฆื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
01:55
beyond those constraints.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:57
He began pioneering new instruments that blurred the lines
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื
02:00
between art and everyday life,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
02:02
and used surprising objects to reinvent existing instruments.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
02:08
He also explored new ways for music to mingle with other art forms.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ืงืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื‘ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:12
He and his creative and romantic partner, Merce Cunningham,
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ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื”ืงืจื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช, ืžืจืก ืงื ื™ื ื’ื”ื,
02:16
held recitals where Cageโ€™s music and Cunninghamโ€™s choreography
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ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืจืกื™ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื’โ€ฒ ื•ื”ื›ื•ืจืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื ื’ื”ืื
02:20
would be created independently before being performed together.
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ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื™ื—ื“.
02:25
But whatever his approach,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื•,
02:27
Cage gleefully dared listeners to question the boundaries between music and noise,
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ืงื™ื™ื’โ€ฒ ืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืจืขืฉ,
02:31
as well as sound and silence.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื•ื”ื“ืžืžื”.
02:33
Perhaps the best example is one of Cageโ€™s most famous compositionsโ€”
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื’โ€ฒ -
02:37
a solo piano piece consisting of nothing but musical rests
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ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื• ืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจืง ืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช
02:42
for four minutes and 33 seconds.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ื• 33 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
02:45
This wasnโ€™t intended as a prank, but rather, as a question.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืœ, ืืœื, ืฉืืœื”.
02:48
Could the opening and closing of a piano lid be music?
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ื”ืื ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ืกื” ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”?
02:52
What about the click of a stopwatch?
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ืžื” ืขื ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืขืฆืจ?
02:54
The rustling, and perhaps even the complaining, of a crowd?
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ื”ืจืฉืจื•ืฉ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ?
02:59
Like the white canvases of his painting peers,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื ื•ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื•,
03:02
Cage asked the audience to question their expectations about what music was.
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ืงื™ื™ื’โ€ฒ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ืงื”ืœ ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:06
And while the piece didnโ€™t evoke the drama of some traditional compositions,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื ืขื•ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
03:10
it certainly elicited a strong emotional response.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื•ืจืจื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื”.
03:14
Cageโ€™s work frequently prioritized these spontaneous, ephemeral experiences
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื’โ€ฒ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืชื™ืขื“ืคื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืจืขื™ื•ืช
03:19
over precise, predictable performances.
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ืขืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:22
He even developed processes that left some compositional decisions up to chance.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ืชื— ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื”.
03:27
One of his favorite such systems was the I Ching,
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ืื—ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ ืฆโ€™ื™ื ื’,
03:30
an ancient Chinese divination text.
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ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืขืชื™ืง.
03:32
Using just a handful of coins,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
03:34
the I Ching allows readers to produce a pattern of lines
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ื” ืื™ ืฆโ€™ื™ื ื’ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื
03:38
which can be interpreted to answer questions and offer fortunes.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช.
03:42
But Cage adapted these patterns into a series of tables
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ื’โ€ฒ ื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช
03:45
that generated different musical durations, tempos, and dynamics.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช, ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:49
Eventually, he even used early computers to help produce these random parameters.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
03:54
For some pieces, Cage went even further,
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ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ืงื™ื™ื’โ€ฒ ื”ืœืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:57
offering musicians incomplete compositions notated with broad instructions,
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช,
04:02
allowing them to compose on the fly with the help of his guidelines.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื.
04:07
Some composers rejected Cage's seemingly careless approach.
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ื›ืžื” ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื’โ€™.
04:10
They believed it was the composerโ€™s job to organize sound and time
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ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื–ืžืŸ
04:14
for a specific, intentional purpose.
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
04:17
After all, if these strange compositions were music,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
04:20
then where do we draw the line?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•?
04:22
But like a bold explorer, Cage didn't want to be bound by restrictions,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืงืจ ื ื•ืขื–, ืงื™ื™ื’โ€ฒ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช,
04:27
and he certainly didn't want to follow old rules.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื.
04:30
He dedicated himself to shattering our expectations,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื™ืคื•ืฅ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
04:34
creating a series of once in a lifetime experiences
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
04:37
that continue encouraging musicians and audiences
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ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืงื”ืœื™ื
04:40
to embrace the unexpected.
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ืœื—ื‘ืง ืืช ื”ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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