Why are some people left-handed? - Daniel M. Abrams

10,381,459 views ใƒป 2015-02-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
If you know an older left-handed person,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื“ื ืฉืžืืœื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:09
chances are they had to learn to write or eat with their right hand.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขื ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
00:14
And in many parts of the world,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:15
it's still common practice to force children to use their "proper" hand.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”"ื ื›ื•ื ื”" ืฉืœื”ื.
00:20
Even the word for right also means correct or good,
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ืืคื™ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘,
00:24
not just in English, but many other languages, too.
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืืœื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
00:28
But if being left-handed is so wrong,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:30
then why does it happen in the first place?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”?
00:33
Today, about 1/10 of the world's population are left-handed.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื.
00:37
Archeological evidence shows that it's been that way
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš
00:40
for as long as 500,000 years,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 500,000 ืฉื ื”,
00:43
with about 10% of human remains
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ืขื ื‘ืขืจืš 10% ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
00:45
showing the associated differences in arm length and bone density,
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ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื•ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื,
00:49
and some ancient tools and artifacts showing evidence of left-hand use.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
00:55
And despite what many may think, handedness is not a choice.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
00:59
It can be predicted even before birth based on the fetus' position in the womb.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื.
01:04
So, if handedness is inborn, does that mean it's genetic?
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ืื–, ืื ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ืช, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช?
01:08
Well, yes and no.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื.
01:10
Identical twins, who have the same genes, can have different dominant hands.
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ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื ื’ื ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:15
In fact, this happens as often as it does with any other sibling pair.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:20
But the chances of being right or left-handed
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื
01:22
are determined by the handedness of your parents
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ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
01:25
in surprisingly consistent ratios.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงื‘ื™ื•ืชื.
01:28
If your father was left-handed but your mother was right-handed,
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ืื ืื‘ื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืืœื™ ืื‘ืœ ืืžื›ื ื™ืžื ื™ืช,
01:31
you have a 17% chance of being born left-handed,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 17% ืœื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื™ื,
01:36
while two righties will have a left-handed child only 10% of the time.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ืฉืžืืœื™ ืจืง ื‘ 10% ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:40
Handedness seems to be determined by a roll of the dice,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืœืคื™ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื”,
01:43
but the odds are set by your genes.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
01:46
All of this implies there's a reason
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ืžื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื”
01:48
that evolution has produced this small proportion of lefties,
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ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ื™ื—ืก ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื,
01:51
and maintained it over the course of millennia.
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ื•ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:54
And while there have been several theories
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช
01:56
attempting to explain why handedness exists in the first place,
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ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
01:59
or why most people are right-handed,
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ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืื• ืœืžื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื,
02:01
a recent mathematical model
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™
02:03
suggests that the actual ratio reflects a balance
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ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืงืฃ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ
02:06
between competitive and cooperative pressures on human evolution.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:11
The benefits of being left-handed
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ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœื™
02:13
are clearest in activities involving an opponent,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘,
02:17
like combat or competitive sports.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืื• ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™.
02:20
For example, about 50% of top hitters in baseball have been left-handed.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืขืจืš 50% ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื.
02:25
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
02:26
Think of it as a surprise advantage.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
02:28
Because lefties are a minority to begin with,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”,
02:31
both right-handed and left-handed competitors
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ื’ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื
02:34
will spend most of their time encountering
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ื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื ื‘ืœื”ืชืงืœ
02:36
and practicing against righties.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื.
02:39
So when the two face each other,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
02:41
the left-hander will be better prepared against this right-handed opponent,
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ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื™ื”ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื ื™,
02:45
while the righty will be thrown off.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ.
02:48
This fighting hypothesis,
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”,
02:49
where an imbalance in the population
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ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
02:51
results in an advantage for left-handed fighters or athletes,
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืื• ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื,
02:55
is an example of negative frequency-dependent selection.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืช ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
02:59
But according to the principles of evolution,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
03:01
groups that have a relative advantage
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™
03:03
tend to grow until that advantage disappears.
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ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ืขืœื.
03:07
If people were only fighting and competing throughout human evolution,
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
03:10
natural selection would lead to more lefties being the ones that made it
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื•
03:14
until there were so many of them,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื,
03:16
that it was no longer a rare asset.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ืก ื ื“ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:18
So in a purely competitive world,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
03:21
50% of the population would be left-handed.
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50% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžืืœื™ืช.
03:24
But human evolution has been shaped by cooperation, as well as competition.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
03:29
And cooperative pressure
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ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™
03:30
pushes handedness distribution in the opposite direction.
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ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืคื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:34
In golf, where performance doesn't depend on the opponent,
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ื‘ื’ื•ืœืฃ, ืฉื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื‘,
03:38
only 4% of top players are left-handed,
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ืจืง 4% ืžื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื,
03:41
an example of the wider phenomenon of tool sharing.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื›ืœื™ื.
03:45
Just as young potential golfers
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
03:47
can more easily find a set of right-handed clubs,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืžื ื™ื,
03:50
many of the important instruments that have shaped society
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
03:53
were designed for the right-handed majority.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื ื™.
03:56
Because lefties are worse at using these tools,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:59
and suffer from higher accident rates,
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ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ื—ืก ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:01
they would be less successful in a purely cooperative world,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
04:04
eventually disappearing from the population.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
04:08
So by correctly predicting the distribution
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ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’
04:10
of left-handed people in the general population,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
04:12
as well as matching data from various sports,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
04:15
the model indicates
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืจืื”
04:16
that the persistence of lefties as a small but stable minority
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ืฉื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘
04:20
reflects an equilibrium
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ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ
04:22
that comes from competitive and cooperative effects
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช
04:24
playing out simultaneously over time.
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ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:28
And the most intriguing thing
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
04:29
is what the numbers can tell us about various populations.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:33
From the skewed distribution of pawedness in cooperative animals,
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ืžื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืœ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
04:37
to the slightly larger percentage of lefties
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ืœืื—ื•ื– ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื
04:39
in competitive hunter-gatherer societies,
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื™ื,
04:42
we may even find that the answers to some puzzles of early human evolution
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช
04:47
are already in our hands.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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