Everything you need to know to read "Frankenstein" - Iseult Gillespie

1,756,221 views ใƒป 2017-02-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
In 1815, the eruption of Mount Tambora plunged parts of the world into darkness
0
7021
5670
ื‘-1815, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื˜ืžื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื—ืฉื›ื”'
00:12
and marked a gloomy period that came to be known as The Year Without a Summer.
1
12691
5569
ื•ืกื™ืžื ื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขื’ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื” ื›'ืฉื ื” ืœืœื ืงื™ืฅ'.
00:18
So when Mary and Percy Shelley arrived at the House of Lord Byron on Lake Geneva,
2
18260
4671
ืื– ื›ืฉืžืจื™ ื•ืคืจืกื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื’ื ื’'ื ื‘ื”,
00:22
their vacation was mostly spent indoors.
3
22931
3261
ื”ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉืชื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจืง ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
00:26
For amusement, Byron proposed a challenge to his literary companions:
4
26192
4429
ืœื‘ื™ืœื•ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืชื’ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื:
00:30
Who could write the most chilling ghost story?
5
30621
3710
ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฆืžืจืจ?
00:34
This sparked an idea in 18-year-old Mary.
6
34331
3399
ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื™ ื‘ืช ื”-18.
00:37
Over the next few months, she would craft the story of Frankenstein.
7
37730
4873
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
00:42
Popular depictions may evoke a green and groaning figure,
8
42603
3569
ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื›ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ื ื—ื•ืช,
00:46
but that's not Mary Shelley's monster.
9
46172
2730
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ ืฉืœื™.
00:48
In fact, in the book, Frankenstein refers to the nameless monster's maker,
10
48902
4660
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืกืคืจ, ื”ืฉื ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืœืœื ืฉื,
00:53
Dr. Victor Frankenstein.
11
53562
2620
ื“"ืจ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
00:56
So tense is the struggle between creator and creature
12
56182
3390
ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชื•ื—
00:59
that the two have merged in our collective imagination.
13
59572
3773
ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:03
Before you read or reread the original text,
14
63345
2679
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
01:06
there are several other things that are helpful to know about Frankenstein
15
66024
3935
ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:09
and how it came to assume its multiple meanings.
16
69959
3324
ื•ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:13
The book traces Dr. Frankenstein's futile quest to impart and sustain life.
17
73283
5403
ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืข ื—ืกืจ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ื•ืœืชื—ื–ืง ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:18
He constructs his monster part by part from dead matter
18
78686
3487
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ืฉืœื• ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืช,
01:22
and electrifies it into conscious being.
19
82173
3081
ื•ืžื—ืฉืžืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืข.
01:25
Upon completing the experiment, however, he's horrified at the result and flees.
20
85254
5429
ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืจื“ ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืจื—.
01:30
But time and space aren't enough to banish the abandoned monster,
21
90683
3610
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉื”,
01:34
and the plot turns on a chilling chase between the two.
22
94293
4285
ื•ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืคื•ื ื” ืœืžืจื“ืฃ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
01:38
Shelley subtitled her fireside ghost story,
23
98578
2636
ืฉืœื™ ืงืจืื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
01:41
"The Modern Prometheus."
24
101214
1939
"ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™."
01:43
That's in reference to the Greek myth of the Titan Prometheus
25
103153
3132
ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก
01:46
who stole fire from the gods and gave it to humanity.
26
106285
3788
ืฉื’ื ื‘ ืืช ืืฉ ื”ืืœื™ื ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
01:50
This gave humanity knowledge and power,
27
110073
2241
ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—,
01:52
but for tampering with the status quo,
28
112314
2220
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื•,
01:54
Prometheus was chained to a rock and eaten by vultures for eternity.
29
114534
5540
ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื ื›ื‘ืœ ืœืกืœืข ื•ื ืื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉืจื™ื ืœื ืฆื—.
02:00
Prometheus enjoyed a resurgence in the literature of the Romantic Period
30
120074
3680
ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื–ื›ื” ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช
02:03
during the 18th century.
31
123754
1920
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-18,
02:05
Mary was a prominent Romantic,
32
125674
1880
ืžืจื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช,
02:07
and shared the movement's appreciation for nature, emotion, and the purity of art.
33
127554
5612
ื•ื—ืœืงื” ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืœื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช.
02:13
Two years after Mary released "Frankenstein",
34
133166
2578
ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืจื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช "ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ",
02:15
Percy reimagined the plight of Prometheus in his lyrical drama,
35
135744
4071
ืคืจืกื™ ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ื‘ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืœื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
02:19
"Prometheus Unbound."
36
139815
2090
"ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก ืœืœื ื›ื‘ืœื™ื."
02:21
The Romantics used these mythical references
37
141905
2490
ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:24
to signal the purity of the Ancient World in contrast to modernity.
38
144395
4421
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ืชืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช.
02:28
They typically regarded science with suspicion,
39
148816
2589
ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืžื“ืข ื‘ื—ืฉื“,
02:31
and "Frankenstein" is one of the first cautionary tales
40
151405
3120
ื•"ืคืจืงื ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ" ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:34
about artificial intelligence.
41
154525
1960
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
02:36
For Shelley, the terror was not supernatural,
42
156485
3181
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™, ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
02:39
but born in a lab.
43
159666
2207
ืืœื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
02:41
In addition, gothic devices infuse the text.
44
161873
3392
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
02:45
The gothic genre is characterized by unease,
45
165265
2890
ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
02:48
eerie settings,
46
168155
1220
ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช,
02:49
the grotesque,
47
169375
1191
ื”ื’ืจื•ื˜ืกืง,
02:50
and the fear of oblivion -
48
170566
2080
ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืŸ --
02:52
all elements that can be seen in "Frankenstein."
49
172646
3330
ื›ืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘"ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ."
02:55
But this horror had roots in personal trauma, as well.
50
175976
3199
ืื‘ืœ ืœื–ื•ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
02:59
The text is filled with references to Shelley's own circumstances.
51
179175
4309
ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืœื ื‘ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ ืขืฆืžื”.
03:03
Born in 1797, Mary was the child of William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft.
52
183484
6702
ืžืจื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-1707, ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื•ืžืจื™ ื•ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื ืงืจืคื˜.
03:10
Both were radical intellectual figures,
53
190186
2229
ืฉืชื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช,
03:12
and her mother's book, "A Vindication of the Rights of Women,"
54
192415
3682
ื•ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืืžื”, "ื”ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื,"
03:16
is a key feminist text.
55
196097
2270
ื”ื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืคืชื— ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™.
03:18
Tragically, she died as a result of complications from Mary's birth.
56
198367
4139
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™, ื”ืื ืžืชื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™.
03:22
Mary was haunted by her mother's death,
57
202506
2461
ืžืจื™ ื ืจื“ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืช ืืžื”,
03:24
and later experienced her own problems with childbirth.
58
204967
3728
ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”.
03:28
She became pregnant following her elopement with Percy at 16,
59
208695
3992
ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื” ืขื ืคืจืกื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16,
03:32
but that baby died shortly after birth.
60
212687
3271
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืช ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”.
03:35
Out of four more pregnancies, only one of their children survived.
61
215958
4468
ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืจืง ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืจื“.
03:40
Some critics have linked this tragedy to the themes explored in "Frankenstein."
62
220426
4172
ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉื ื—ืงืจ ื‘"ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ."
03:44
Shelley depicts birth as both creative and destructive,
63
224598
3819
ืฉืœื™ ืžืชืืจืช ืœื™ื“ื” ื’ื ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื›ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช,
03:48
and the monster becomes a disfigured mirror of the natural cycle of life.
64
228417
5369
ื•ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืจืื” ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:53
The monster, therefore, embodies Dr. Frankenstein's corruption of nature
65
233786
4621
ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช, ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
03:58
in the quest for glory.
66
238407
2039
ื‘ืžืกืข ืœืชื”ื™ืœื”.
04:00
This constitutes his fatal flaw, or hamartia.
67
240446
3521
ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•, ืื• ื”ื”ืžืจื˜ื™ื”.
04:03
His god complex is most clear in the line,
68
243967
2380
ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืืœ ืฉืœื• ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”,
04:06
"Life and death appear to me ideal bounds which I should first break through
69
246347
5199
"ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ
04:11
and pour a torrent of light onto our dark world."
70
251546
4352
ื•ืœืฉืคื•ืš ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืฉื•ืš."
04:15
Although he accomplishes something awe-inspiring,
71
255898
2330
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”,
04:18
he has played with fire at his own ethical expense.
72
258228
3820
ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ืขื ืืฉ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
04:22
And that decision echoes throughout the novel,
73
262048
2448
ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
04:24
which is full of references to fire and imagery that contrasts light and dark.
74
264496
5681
ืฉืžืœื ื‘ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืืฉ ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ืœื—ืฉื›ื”.
04:30
These moments suggest not only the spark of Prometheus's fire,
75
270177
4221
ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืก,
04:34
but the power of radical ideas to expose darker areas of life.
76
274398
4800
ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7